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Energies 2020, 13, 6101 10 of 14 Table 5. Physical properties of composite membranes using Zeus porous substrates with incubation time in the GA/#3 solution. Samples Thickness (μm) Water Uptake (%) Swelling Ratio (%) Area Thickness 21.87 12.50 24.40 13.58 25.48 16.67 24.44 16.83 24.38 20.69 26.32 22.22 29.74 23.53 #3_30 27 11.6 #3_40 27 16.5 #3_50 30 17.7 #3_60 33 22.5 #3_120 38 25.6 #3_240 39 29.3 #3_360 40 35.9 Table 6 summarizes the results of the characterization of the composite membranes using GA/#3 treated Zeus porous substrates. All data in Table 6 are the average values of five samples with less than 6% standard deviation. As discussed earlier, the higher amount of hydrophilic co-deposits is coated on the substrate as the incubation time increases. Consequently, the inactive volume for proton transport increases, leading to a decrease in the ion-conducting fraction of the composite membranes which was comprised of pore-impregnated PFSA ionomer. Hence, it is observed in Table 6 that the ion conductivity of the composite membranes using the porous substrates with higher incubation time decreases. Similarly, the ion exchange capacity of the composite membranes also decreases with incubation time since the equivalent weight of the sulfonic acid group of PFSA ionomer in dry weight of composite membranes decreases. In addition, the transport number representing the ability of permselectivity of proton for the composite membranes using porous substrates treated by the GA/#3 for the incubation time greater than 120 min decreases substantially. It means that the composite membranes still have pores to allow to penetrate co-ions. It might be due to the coverage of hydrophilic co-deposits on the surface of the substrate or the filling of those into the substrate. The co-deposits could not provide permselectivity and result in a decrease in transport number. Table 6. Electrochemical properties of composite membranes using Zeus porous substrates with incubation time in the GA/#3 solution. Samples Proton Conductivity (S cm−1) Ion Exchange Capacity (meq g−1) 0.843 0.834 0.826 0.815 0.789 0.762 0.742 Transport Number (-) 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.98 0.97 0.85 Areal Resistance (Ω cm2) 0.039 0.042 0.047 0.060 0.072 0.078 0.082 #3_30 0.069 #3_40 0.065 #3_50 0.064 #3_60 0.055 #3_120 0.053 #3_240 0.050 #3_360 0.049 Among the composite membranes, the GA/#3_30-treated composite membrane is chosen to compare with Nafion 212 as reference. As summarized in Table 7, the composite membrane has a very similar areal resistance to Nafion 212 even though the proton conductivity of the composite membrane is less than that of Nafion 212 due to thickness difference. It is presumed that they could lead to very similar fuel cell performance. Figure 8 shows I–V polarization curves of the MEAs using Nafion 212 and the composite membrane. First of all, it was found that the crossover of hydrogen in the MEA using the GA/#3_30-treated composite membrane exhibited approximately 0.5 mA cm−2 which confirms no defect composite membrane. As expected, the I–V polarization curves of two MEAs in activation and Ohmic region are very identical, but higher mass transport limitation is observed for Nafion 212. The main reason to show higher mass transport voltage loss at high current densities is due to water flooding at cathode since a water forming oxygen reduction reaction occurs as well as proton transportPDF Image | Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous Substrates
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