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lead to very similar fuel cell performance. Figure 8 shows I–V polarization curves of the MEAs using Nafion 212 and the composite membrane. First of all, it was found that the crossover of hydrogen in the MEA using the GA/#3_30-treated composite membrane exhibited approximately 0.5 mA cm-2 which confirms no defect composite membrane. As expected, the I–V polarization curves of two MEAs in activation and Ohmic region are very identical, but higher mass transport limitation is Energies 2020, 13, 6101 observed for Nafion 212. The main reason to show higher mass transport voltage loss at high current densities is due to water flooding at cathode since a water forming oxygen reduction reaction occurs as well as proton transport causes electro-osmotic drag from the anode to the cathode [40]. Under the 11 of 14 causes electro-osmotic drag from the anode to the cathode [40]. Under the same conditions except same conditions except for the type of electrolyte membranes in the I–V polarization curves, Samples Samples Resistance from Resistance for the type of electrolyte membranes in the I–V polarization curves, electrolyte membranes could electrolyte membranes could substantially affect the cathode flooding. The composite membrane substantially affect the cathode flooding. The composite membrane facilitates back diffusion of water facilitates back diffusion of water to prevail on electro-osmotic drag leading to the net water transport to prevail on electro-osmotic drag leading to the net water transport toward the anode [41]. Diffusion is toward the anode [41]. Diffusion is driven by a gradient in concentration over a moving distance. driven by a gradient in concentration over a moving distance. Hence, the gradient becomes higher if Hence, the gradient becomes higher if the moving distance, i.e., the thickness of membranes, is the moving distance, i.e., the thickness of membranes, is shorter, leading to an increase in diffusion shorter, leading to an increase in diffusion flux. In the same way, the composite membrane with less flux. In the same way, the composite membrane with less thickness than Nafion 212 would result in thickness than Nafion 212 would result in higher back diffusion of water and mitigate cathode higher back diffusion of water and mitigate cathode flooding. Finally, it leads to lessening the mass flooding. Finally, it leads to lessening the mass transport voltage loss. transport voltage loss. Table7.PhTyasbiclael7p.roPpheyrstiiceaslopfrNopaefriotines2o12fNanadfiothne2c1o2mapndostihtemcoempborasintemuseinmgbtrhaeneGuAs/i#n3g_3th0eaGndAt/#h3e_30andthe summaryosfuthmemI–aVrypoflathriezaI–tiVonpcoularrviezsatoiofnthceumrvemsborfatnhe-melecmtrbordaenea-seslemctbrolideesuassinemgNblaiefsiouns2in1g2Nanadfion212and the compostihte mcoempborasinte.membrane. Thickness Thickness (μCmo)nductivity Resistance from (m) Nafion 212 50 Resistance Nafion 212 Composite Composite 27 Proton Areal Resistance 0.039 High-Frequency (S/cm) 0.12 0.069 (S/cm) 0.12 0.069 ( cm2) 0.042 0.039 (Ω cm2) 0.042 I–VI–V (Ω cm2) ( cm2) 0.382 0.409 (Ω cm2) 0.382 0.409 Proton Conductivity Resistance Areal Ohmic Ohmic High-Frequency 50 membrane membra2n7e ( cm2) 0.212 0.233 0.212 0.233 4. Conclusions Figure 8. I–V polarization curves of the membrane-electrode assemblies using Nafion 212 (black) and the composite membrane (red) using the GA/#3_30-treated porous substrate. 4. Conclusions In this stuIndyth,iswsetuhdayv,weedheavveelodpevdelaopneedwanheywdrhoypdhriolpichitlriecattrmeaetmntenmtemtheothdodfofrorPPTTFFEporoussubstrates substratestto impregnate PFSAioionnoomeerrssinintotostsrtornognlgylyhyhdyrdorpohpohboicbipcoprourosussubssutbrastreast.eTsw. oTwdioffedrieffnetrent PFTE PFTE subssturabtsetsrawtesrewuesreed:utsheedo: ntehehaosntehehathsicthkenetshsicokfn~e5ssmofa~n5dμthme panodrosthitey poof r~o8s0i%tyaonfd~a8n0o%thaenrd another hasthethihcaksnethsseothfi~c2k5nesmsoafnd~2t5heμpmoraonsditythoefp~6o0ro%s.itFyoorfh~y6d0r%op.hFiloicrthreyadtrmoepnhti,liwcetrheatvmeeunste,dwien-haveused situ biomimin-estitcusbiliocmifiicmateitoinc swilhiciicfihcathtieonpywrhoigcahlltohlempoyireotgyailnlogl amlloicieatyciidn(gGaAlli)cwacitihd a(GmAin)ow-tiethrmaminiantoed-terminated substances (ATS) such as siloxane generated a similar mussel-inspired adhesive coating via Michael addition/Schiff base reactions in alkaline conditions. We investigated three different ATS materials, i.e., 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), N-[3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl]ethylenediamine (TMPEDA), and (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl)diethylenetriamine (TMPDETA) with GA. It was found that GA/APTES showed no hydrophilic treatment on both substrates with higher porosity than microfiltration or ultrafiltration membranes. On the other hand, GA/TMPEDA and GA/TMPDETA using ATS with the longer amino moieties showed effective hydrophilic treatment on both substrates. However, GA/TMPDETA has obtained the best contact angle result at less incubation time for the thinner substrates. The thinner substrate having ~5 μm treated by the GA/TMPDETA solution with thePDF Image | Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous Substrates
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