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Energies 2020, 13, 6101 12 of 14 incubation time of 30 min shows the best hydrophilic treatment result. In addition, the composite membranes using the porous substrates show the highest proton conductivity and the lowest water uptake and swelling ratio. MEAs using the composite membranes (thinner and lower proton conductivity) and Nafion 212 (thicker and higher proton conductivity), which have similar areal resistance, are compared in I–V polarization curves. The I–V polarization curves of two MEAs in activation and Ohmic region are very identical. However, higher mass transport limitation is observed for Nafion 212 since the composite membrane with less thickness than Nafion 212 would result in higher back diffusion of water and mitigate cathode flooding. It could be concluded that the composite membrane would be advantageous in proton exchange membrane fuel cell application since it has similar areal resistance to Nafion 212 to obtain similar Ohmic loss and less thickness than Nafion 212 to allow higher water flux from cathode to anode to obtain lower mass transport loss in I–V polarization curves. Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.-S.P.; methodology, S.L. and J.-S.P.; experimentation, S.L. and J.-S.P.; validation, J.-S.P.; investigation, S.L. and J.-S.P.; resources, J.-S.P.; writing—original draft preparation, S.L. and J.-S.P.; writing—review and editing, J.-S.P.; supervision, J.-S.P.; project administration, J.-S.P.; funding acquisition, J.-S.P. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research was funded by a 2018 Research Grant from Sangmyung University. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Peng, L.; Wei, Z. Catalyst engineering for electrochemical energy conversion from water to water: Water electrolysis and the hydrogen fuel cell. Engineering 2020, 6, 653–679. [CrossRef] 2. The Future of Hydrogen: Seizing Today’s Opportunities. Available online: https://www.iea.org/reports/the- future-of-hydrogen (accessed on 15 October 2020). 3. Chaube, A.; Chapman, A.; Shigetomi, Y.; Huff, K.; Stubbins, J. The role of hydrogen in achieving long term Japanese energy system goals. Energies 2020, 13, 4539. [CrossRef] 4. Holladay, J.D.; Hu, J.; King, D.L.; Wang, Y. An overview of hydrogen production technologies. Catal. Today 2009, 139, 244–260. [CrossRef] 5. Zhang, W.Q.; Yu, B.; Chen, J.; Xu, J.M. Hydrogen production through solid oxide electrolysis at elevated temperatures. Prog. Chem. 2008, 20, 778–787. 6. Yu, H.; Yi, B. Hydrogen for energy storage and hydrogen production from electrolysis. Strat. Stud. Chin. Acad. Eng. 2018, 20, 58–65. [CrossRef] 7. Park, J.S.; Shin, M.S.; Kim, C.S. Proton exchange membranes for fuel cell operation at low relative humidity and intermediate temperature: An updated review. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2017, 5, 43–55. [CrossRef] 8. Uchida, M. PEFC catalyst layers: Effect of support microstructure on both distributions of Pt and ionomer and cell performance and durability. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2020, 21, 209–218. [CrossRef] 9. Pollet, B.G.; Kocha, S.S.; Staffell, I. Current status of automotive fuel cells for sustainable transport. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2019, 16, 90–95. [CrossRef] 10. Craig, S.G.; Kongkanand, A.; Masten, D.; Gu, W. Materials research and development focus areas for low cost automotive proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. Curr. Opin. Electrochem. 2019, 18, 81–89. 11. Song, C.H.; Park, J.S. Effect of Dispersion Solvents in Catalyst Inks on the Performance and Durability of Catalyst Layers in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Energies 2019, 12, 549. [CrossRef] 12. Liu, F.; Yi, B.; Xing, D.; Yu, J.; Zhang, H. Nafion/PTFE composite membranes for fuel cell applications. J. Membr. Sci. 2003, 212, 213–223. [CrossRef] 13. Tang, H.; Pan, H.; Wang, F.; Shen, P.K.; Jiang, S.P. Highly durable proton exchange membranes for low temperature fuel cells. J. Phys. Chem. 2007, 111, 8684–8690. [CrossRef] [PubMed] 14. Li, M.Q.; Scott, K. A polymer electrolyte membrane for high temperature fuel cells to fit vehicle applications. Electrochim. Acta 2010, 55, 2123–2128. [CrossRef] 15. Zhao, Y.; Yu, H.; Xing, D.; Lu, W.; Shao, Z.; Yi, B. Preparation and characterization of PTFE based composite anion exchange membranes for alkaline fuel cells. J. Membr. Sci. 2012, 421, 311–317. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Composite Membranes Using Hydrophilized Porous Substrates
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