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Molecules 2020, 25, 1712 13 of 44 excellent water holding capacity at higher temperatures) and organic support (chemically stability and high mechanical strength). Impregnation of porous polymeric film of PVDF is the method used by Pandey et al. [130,131] to synthesize PVDF/silica and PVDF/Zirconium phosphate (ZrP). Single cell DMFC tests were carried out to study the DMFC performance for the synthesized membrane. The membranes showed better thermal stability, water uptake ratio and lower methanol crossover than Nafion 117, however, performance were low because of poor proton conductivity. PolyFuel Inc. produced polycarbon membrane for passive DMFC [132] showing a power density of 80 mW cm−2 for thickness of 45μm, lifetime for a nearly constant runtime is 5000 h and back diffusion of water was improved by 30%, which helped mediate the dissolution of the methanol concentration in a passive DMFC. There are also other composite membranes developed for PEMFC applications which may also have a good prospect for DMFC. These include trifluorostyrene-based membranes developed by Ballard Power System Inc [133], a butadiene/stryene rubber-based membrane developed by Hoku Scientific Inc [134] and polystyrene sufonate (PSS) membranes [135]. Table 1 summarizes the properties and the pros and cons of composite electrolyte membranes described in this review compared to those of the commercial membrane. In addition, Table 2 summarizes their DMFC best performance. Table 1. Summary of DMFC composite membrane properties. Membrane Nafion/PTFE Nafion/PVA Nafion/PBI Nafion/Polypyrrole Nafion/Polyaniline Nafion/SPAEK Nafion/SPEEK Nafion/Metal oxides (SiO2 -TiO2 ) Nafion/Montmorillonite Nafion/Zeolites (Analcime-Mordenite) Nafion/Graphene oxide SPEEK SPAES/Laponite PVA/Montmorillonite PVDF/silica-Zirconium Preparation Method Impregnation Casting Screen printing Electrodeposition-In situ polymerization In situ-polymerization Casting Casting Casting Casting Spray Casting Casting Casting Casting Impregnation Pros Low methanol permeability Low methanol permeability Easily manipulation with small thickness Reduced methanol permeability Low methanol permeability Decreased methanol permeability Increased selectivity Low methanol permeability Higher proton conductivity Decreased methanol permeability Reasonable thermal properties Increased proton conductivity Methanol crossover decreased Methanol crossover decreased Slight increased proton conductivity Methanol crossover decreased High thermal and mechanical stability Low methanol crossover Low methanol crossover Enhanced tensile strength Low methanol crossover Cheap High proton conductivity High tensile strength Low methanol crossover Cons Decreased conductivity Lower proton conductivity High impedance Decreased proton conductivity Increased resistances Decreased conductivity Easily breakable Reduced proton conductivity Accelerated degradation Difficult homogeneity Slight proton conductivity decrease Low tensile strength Decreased proton conductivity Poor mechanical stability Low proton conductivity Filler content should be well controlled Specific operating condition and specific stack material should be used Poor proton conductivityPDF Image | Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane Technologies
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