PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 018
Molecules 2020, 25, 1712 18 of 44 10 ppm CO, 20% CO2, 75% H2 and 1% CH4) at 110 ◦C showed similar OCV values compared to pure hydrogen. Morever, the maximum current density decreased from 1300 mA cm−2 for pure hydrogen to 800 mA cm−2 for the synthetic fuel. Amjadi et al. [153] also studied the influence of titanium oxide as a filler in Nafion composites, with two types of composites prepared via different methods, a solution casted and an in-situ sol-gel synthesis. EDX mapping across the composite membrane revealed that the sol-gel composite had a better dispersion of particles, which ultimately led to improved properties. One example is water uptake, where both composites had improved uptake capabilities compares to recast Nafion. However, due to the agglomeration and reduced uniformity in the casted composite, a decrease in surface area of the filler reduced the achieved water uptake. The introduction of filler led to a drop in proton conductivity, which was explained by the disruption of proton pathways in the membrane. Fuel cell testing at 110 ◦C showed that the composite membrane was able to reach a maximum current density of nearly 600 mA cm−2, compared to just over 200 mA cm−2 for Nafion 117. Furthermore, Matos et al. [154] studied the influence of particle shape (spherical nanoparticles, high surface area mesoporous particles, and nanotubes) of titania for the application of PEMFCs operating at temperatures up to 130 ◦C. Water uptake tests revealed that any addition of spherical or high surface area (HSA) titania led to a decrease in water uptake compared the recast Nafion, with greater decrease at higher filler loading. However, the water uptake for the titania nanotube composite membrane increased, reaching a maximum of nearly 60% at 15% loading, compared to 42% for recast Nafion. The authors state that this is because of the “nanotubular” structure in which water molecules being able to exist inside the nanotube. Single cell tests (Figure 4) were performed at 80 and 130 ◦C. Nafion outperformed the composite membranes at 80 ◦C, however, the membrane degraded significantly once the temperature increased. All three composite membranes displayed a smaller amount of decrease in polarisation at 130 ◦C in comparison to recast Nafion. However, increasing filler loading in all three prospective filler materials (nanoparticle, mesoporous particles and nanotubes) led to a decrease in polarisation, particularly in the ohmic region, which the authors explain due to the decreasing proton conductivity with greater filler loading. Zhengbang et al. [155] synthesised titanium oxide nanowires as a filler material in Nafion for PEMFCs operating at a higher temperature in addition to reinforcing the mechanical properties of the membrane. Addition of the nanowires led to a subsequent drop in water uptake and swelling, with increasing loading leading to increased reductions. The reduced swelling would help maintain mechanical integrity at higher operating temperatures. Fuel cell testing at 90 ◦C showed that the composite membrane experienced a smaller drop in polarisation when the humidity was reduced, in comparison to Nafion where the change in polarisation was much greater. Humidity stress tests revealed that the composite membrane had less stress (which becomes smaller with increased loading) than the recast Nafion, which experienced a high level of humidity related stress indicating lower lifetime. Ketpang et al. [156] further developed their idea of tubular inorganic fillers by studying the effect of titanium oxide nanotubes as a filler. The composite membranes had a higher water uptake compared to recast Nafion, with recast Nafion achieving 21.8%, Nafion-TiNT-10 33.7%, Nafion-TiNT-20 31.3% and the Nafion composite with 50% titanium oxide nanotubes achieving a water uptake of 29.6%. In addition, FT-IR analysis after drying the membranes at 110 ◦C revealed that the composite membranes still had water (from electrostatic interaction) through peaks that corresponded to -OH stretching (3455 cm−1) and –HOH- (1625 cm−1) bending vibration. Proton conductivity measurements at 80 ◦C and 100% RH confirmed that the filler improved the proton conductivity compared to recast Nafion (97 mS cm−1). The highest proton conductivity measurement was achieved by the composite with 10% filler (155 mS cm−1), with the 20% (142 mS cm−1) and 50% (121 mS cm−1) having slightly decreased conductivity. The composite membranes also outperformed the pristine Nafion at variable RH. Fuel cell experiments at 80 ◦C and 100% RH (Figure 5) show that the composite membranes perform much better than the recast membrane, with current densities at 0.6 V of 1777, 1609, 1498 andPDF Image | Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane Technologies
PDF Search Title:
Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane TechnologiesOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-25-01712.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)