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extent of acid leaching and to increase long term stability as increasing acid content can mechanically compromise the polymer. The addition of 1.5% phosphonated graphene oxide significantly increased the proton conductivity from 19.6 × 10−3 S cm-1 for pyridine PBI to 76.4 x 10−3 S cm−1 at 140 °C. Kannan et al. [195] presented a composite PBI membrane consisting of phosphonic acid Molecules 2020, 25, 1712 27 of 44 functionalised multi-walled carbon nanotubes as the filler material. Proton conductivity tests revealed that the composite membrane achieved 0.11 S cm−1, whereas the pristine PBI produced a −1 ◦ −1 ofc0o.n0d7uSctcivmityo.fF0.i0g7urSecm8sh.oFwigufruee8lschelolwtefsutienlgcealltt1e4st0ingCatw1i4th0°dCrywinthledtrfyeeindlsetsfheoewdsedshtohwaetdththeat cotmhepocosimtepmoseitmebmraenmeb(r1a%nefi(1ll%erfillolaerdilnogad) ionugt)poeurftopremrfoedrmbeodthboththetphreisptrinisetinPeBIPBmIemebmrabnreanaenadndanan adadidtiiotnioanl aclocmopmopsoitseitehtaht actocnotnaitnaeindendono-nfu-fnucnticotnioanliasleisdendanaontuotbuebse(sp(epaekapkopwoewredrednesnitsiietsieosfo7f8708, 06,06000 −2 anadn5d9509m0WmWcmcmrersepsepcetcivtievleyl)y.)I.nInadadidtiotino,nt,htehemmecehcahnainciaclasltsatbaiblitlyitywwasaaslasolsoimimprporvoevdedudeuteottohtehe −2 arcahrcitheictteucrtueroefothfethcearcbaorbnonanaontuobtuebs,eas,chaciehvieinvginaghaighhigehreyrieylidelsdtrsetnregnthg.th. Figure 8. (a) Polarization plots of PBI iso, PBpNT, and PBNT composite membranes measured at 140 Figure 8. (a) Polarization plots of PBI iso, PBpNT, and PBNT composite membranes measured at °C◦ by passing dry H2 and O2 at a flow rate of 0.2 slpm. The cells were conditioned at 0.6 V for 30 min. 140 C by passing dry H2 and O2 at a flow rate of 0.2 slpm. The cells were conditioned at 0.6 V for (b) Stress−strain curve for the pristine PBI and PBpNT composite membrane; reproduced with 30 min. (b) Stress−strain curve for the pristine PBI and PBpNT composite membrane; reproduced with permission from [195]. permission from [195]. A Afurtfhuerrthmeroremdoerteailedetsatuildedy insvtuodlvyedinvvaroilovuesdchvaararicoteursisacthioanratcetcehrnisiaqtuioens antedcahniqnuvestigaantdionan ◦ oninvvaerisatibglaetlioandoingv[a1r9ia6b].leThloeardminalga[n1a9l6y]s.iTshrevrmeaalledantahlaytstihseremvemalebdratnheastathresmtaebmleburapnteos2a5r0e sCta,balnedup ◦◦ frotom2250°C, taon4d00froCmo2n5ly0 l°oCseto104%00m°aCsso.nTlyhelocsoem1p0o%sitme amsse.mTbhreanceosmapllopsriotedmucemd barparnoetsonalclopnrdoudcutcioend a grpeartoetrotnhacnonpdruisctitnioenPgBrIetahtreorutghhaonutptrhisetienxepePrBimI tehnrtoaul tgehmopuetrtahtuerexrpaenrgime.eTnhtealptheomspheroartiucraecirdanugpeta.kTehe wapshsoismpihlaorifcoarcbidotuhptthaekeprwisatisnseimielamrbforarnbeoathndthteheprciosmtinpeomsitemobfrdainffeeraenndt tlhoaedcionmgsp.oHsitoewoefvdeirf,ftehrent −1 −1 −1 −1 acltoivaadtinongse.nHerogwyedvreorp,pthede afrcotmiva4t0io.9nkeJnmeorgly dfororpPpBeIdtof2ro5.m1k4J0m.9oklJ mforlthfeorcoPmBpIotosi2te5.m1ekmJ mbroanlefwoirththe 1%cofumnpcotisointealmisemd bCrNanTse.wTihthe c1o%mfpuonscitieomnaelmisebdraCneNsTesx.pTehrieecnocme aposmsitaellmeredmrobpraineascetixvpaetrioienncoemapsmaraedller todthroepreifnereanctcievamtieomnbcroanmepanrdedthteoatuhtehorresferxepnlcaeinmedetmhbisransethaencdatathlyestasu(tphlaotrisnuemxp)lahianveidngthaihsigahsetrhe excahtanlygsetscu(prlraetnintudmen)shitayvoingCaNhTigthearnecxacrhbaonng.eAcudrdrietniotndaelnlys,ityheocnoCmNpTostihteanmceamrborann.eApdrdoidtiuonceadlly, higtherccoumrrpeonstidteenmsietimesbwraintheouptroadsucdedenhdigrhoeprdcuuertroenctondcenstirtaiteisonwlimthiotautioanss,ubdeidnegnabdlreotpo rdeuaechto −2 −2 −2 necaornlyce3n0t0r0atmioAnclmimit,aitniocnosm,bpeairnisgoanbtloentoearelyac2h00n0eamrAlyc3m000fmorApcrmistin,einPBcoI.mparisontonearly2000 −2 mAYacnmgetfoarl.p[1ri9s7t]inuesePdBIG.Oasafillerfunctionalisedwithtriazolegroupsinordertoaiddispersion andtoYimanpgroveetparl.ot[o1n97c]onudsuedctiGonOwaitshianfPilBleIrfofruhnicgthiotneamlipsedratwuriethfuterliaczeollse.SgEroMupimsaigninogrdrevretaoledaid thdatistphermsiondifiaend GtoO icmomprpoovseitephroatdona mcouncdhubcettitoenr dwisiptheirnsioPnBIinfcoormhpigahristoenmtpoetrhaetunroen-fmueoldcifielelds. GSOEM coimpaogsiintge wrehviecahlehdadthtahtetphresmenocdeifoiefdagGgOlomcoemrapteoss.itTehhisaidmaprmovuecdh hboemtteorgdenisepiteyrslieodntoinacnoimncpraeraiseoninto proton conductivity as well as an improvement in its mechanical properties. Fuel cell testing at 160 and 180 ◦C showed that the composite membrane outperformed the PBI reference membrane at the same acid doping level, with maximum power densities of 537 to 506 mW cm−2 respectively. Cao et al. [198] fabricated a graphene oxide poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) composite membrane for the purpose of PEMFCs operation. The conductivity of the composite membrane increased from 0.086 S cm to 0.134 S cm with increasing temperature (from 25 ◦C to 60 ◦C). However, the authors explained that increasing the temperature above that results in the membrane softening. The composite membrane produced a maximum power density of 53 mW cm−2 at 60 ◦C with full humidity. Lee et al. [199] prepared a SPAES composite with GO grafted onto sulfonated poly(arylene thioether sulfone) as the filler. This was done due to the inherent lower proton conductivity of hydrocarbon-based polymers in comparison to PFSA. This membrane exhibited improved mechanical strength and oxidative resistance, as well as better proton conductivity in comparison to pristine SPAES. Fuel cell testing to understand the performance of this composite as an MEA would be very interesting, and whether grafting the GO makes a difference in performance.PDF Image | Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane Technologies
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