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Molecules 2020, 25, 1712 33 of 44 operating at 80 ◦C under atmospheric pressure; thus, they may replace Nafion 117 due to their mechanical characteristic, electrochemical properties once performance becomes comparable with that of Nafion117. It can be noted that despite the promising characteristics of composite membranes, little research has been conducted into using them in PEMWEs. It is important to note that in addition to Nafion, and similar to what is reported for fuel cells, other polymers have been explored for PEMWE application. The polymers include: SPEEK, SPSU and PBI which have been employed with varying levels of performance and lifetime achieved. Again, these polymers can also be modified and made into composite membranes for PEMWEs for achieving both higher temperature and pressure operation. Table 4 summarizes the properties and the pros and the cons of composite electrolyte membranes described in this section compared to those of the commercial membrane. In addition, Table 5 summarizes their best power output obtained: Table 4. Summary of electrolyser composite membrane properties. Membrane Aquivion SPEEK Preparation Method Not present Casting Pros Better water retention Higher proton conductivity Cons Acceptable performance at certain temperature range, low humidity and high pressure Low durability and low performance at elevated temperature Improvement registered at Nafion/Metal oxide Casting Better water retention temperature greater than 100 ◦C and high pressure- Poor stability Aquivion reinforced Low hydrogen crossover- Performance not so much higher with polysulfone Casting Good mechanical than non-reinforced membrane stability SPEEK-TPA Casting Better chemical and Performance slightly lower mechanical stability Table 5. Summary of PEM electrolyser best performance using composite membranes. Membrane Nafion/SiO2 [213] Nafion/TiO2 [212] SPEEK [219] SPEEK/TPA/Ce [221] Aquivion/PSU [217] SPSf [222] Voltage (V) 1.9 2 2.5 1.82 1.76 1.8 Current Density (A cm−2) 2.1 1.46 0.21 1 2 1.08 Temperature (◦C) 120 120 60 80 80 80 Pressure 3 bar 3 bar atmospheric atmospheric 0.1 Mpa absolute atmospheric As illustrated in the tables above, despite having better water retention, composite membranes are not yet a suitable alternative to the commercial one in terms of performance and durability. Several efforts should be made to achieve performance industrially reasonable. 5. Conclusions This review analysed several composite membranes developed in recent years for the use in PEM technologies to overcome the drawbacks of the commercial perfluorosulfonated membranes. Composite fluorinated, with organic and inorganic fillers, and non-fluorinated membranes have been scrutinized for DMFC, hydrogen PEMFC, and PEMWE. All materials reported in this paper show promising characteristics and results, so it is not possible to indicate which one is the best. It can be noted that papers reporting high performance are dealing with the incorporation of fillers into the Nafion matrix, suggesting that Nafion cannot be completely replaced yet. Beyond the use of organic fillers like PBI and PANI, whose effects are evident only at high methanol concentration, carbon and inorganic fillers are the most promising materials. Low weightPDF Image | Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane Technologies
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