PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 034
Molecules 2020, 25, 1712 34 of 44 percentage of graphene oxide contributes to sensibly lower methanol crossover leading to better performance also a low methanol concentration. Moreover, GO composite membrane extends the operating temperature range for hydrogen PEMFC due to the fact that GO retains more water, so it decreases the loss in proton conductivity. Among all the composite membranes described in this review paper, inorganic fillers are the most versatile materials: their good thermal stability, improved water uptake and reduced methanol absorbance, provided high power density for DMFC and PEMFC but also allow high temperature and pressure operating conditions for electrolysis. Ionic liquids can be potentially used at intermediate temperatures once performance increases. Despite these positive results, durability tests are necessary to understand the real capacity of those fillers. Other materials like SPEEK and PVA are used to completely substitute Nafion. They seem to be a promising alternative to obtain high performance membranes. Research activities on their potentialities are still ongoing. Funding: This research received no external funding. Acknowledgments: Ahmed Ibrahim would like to acknowledge the EPSRC for the funding of the CDT in Fuel Cells and their Fuels, EP/L015749/1, which contributed to the research conducted in this paper. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Hansen, J.; Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K. Global surface temperature change. Rev. Geophys. 2010, 48, 4. [CrossRef] 2. Barbir, F.; Gomez, T. Efficiency and economics of proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 1996, 21, 891–901. [CrossRef] 3. EG&G Technical Services Inc. Fuel Cell Handbook, 7th ed.; U.S. Department of Energy/Office of Fossil Energy/National Energy Technology Laboratory: Morgantown, WV, USA, 2004. 4. Larminie, J.; Dicks, A. Fuel System Explained; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Chichester, UK, 2009. 5. Thomas, S.; Zalbowitz, M. The Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell; Fuel Cells Green Power/Los Alamos National Laboratory U.S.: Los Alamos, NM, USA, 2000. 6. Rikukawa, M.; Sanui, K. Proton-conducting polymer electrolyte membranes based on hydrocarbon polymers. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2000, 25, 1463–1502. [CrossRef] 7. Asensio, J.A.; Sanchez, E.M.; Gomez-Romero, P. Proton-conducting membranes based on Benzimidazole polymers for high-temperature PEM fuel cells. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 3210–3239. [CrossRef] 8. Li, Q.; He, R.; Jensen, J.O.; Bjerrum, N.J. Approaches and recent development of polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells operating above 100 ◦C. Chem. Mater. 2003, 15, 4896–4915. [CrossRef] 9. Villers, D.; Jacques-Bedard, X.; Dodelet, J.P. Fe-based catalysts for oxygen reduction in PEM fuel cells pretreatment of the carbon support. J. Electrochem. Soc. 2004, 151, 1507–1515. [CrossRef] 10. Emery, M.; Frey, M.; Guerra, M.; Haugen, G.; Hintzer, K.; Lochhaas, K.H.; Pham, P.; Pierpont, D.; Schaberg, M.; Thaler, A.; et al. The development of new membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cell. ESC Trans. 2007, 11, 3–14. 11. USDRIVE. Fuel Cell Technical Team Roadmap; USDRIVE: Washington, DC, USA, 2013. 12. Chandan, A.; Hattenberger, M.; El-kharouf, A.; Du, S.; Dhir, A.; Self, V.; Pollet, B.G.; Ingram, A.; Bujalski, W. High temperature (HT) polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC)—A review. J. Power Sources 2013, 231, 264–278. [CrossRef] 13. Dicks, A.; Larminie, J. Fuel Cells Systems Explained, 2nd ed.; John Wiley & Sons Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2003. 14. Element 1 Powering Innovation. E1 Methanol Handbook. Element 1 Hydrogen Generators; Element 1 Powering Innovation: Bend, OR, USA, 2013. 15. Ancona, V.; Barra Caracciolo, A.; Campanale, C.; De Caprariis, B.; Grenni, P.; Uricchio, V.F.; Borello, D. Gasification treatment of poplar biomass produced in a contaminated area restored using plant assisted bioremediation. J. Environ. Manag. 2019, 239, 137–141. [CrossRef] 16. Cameron, D.S.; Hards, G.A.; Harrison, B.; Potter, R.J. Direct methanol fuel cells: Recent developments in the search for improved performance. Platin. Met. Rev. 1987, 31, 173–181. 17. Kamarudin, S.K.; Achmad, F.; Daud, W.R.W. Overview on the application of direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) for portable electronic devices. Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 2009, 34, 6902–6916. [CrossRef]PDF Image | Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane Technologies
PDF Search Title:
Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane TechnologiesOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-25-01712.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |