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Composite Polymers for Electrolyte Membrane Technologies

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Molecules 2020, 25, 1712 43 of 44 192. Xu, C.; Cao, Y.; Kumar, R.; Wu, X.; Wang, X.; Scott, K. A polybenzimidazole/sulfonated graphite oxide composite membrane for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 11359–11364. [CrossRef] 193. Xu,C.;Liu,X.;Cheng,J.;Scott,K.Apolybenzimidazole/ionic-liquid-graphite-oxidecompositemembrane for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2015, 274, 922–927. [CrossRef] 194. AbouzariLotf,E.;Zakeri,M.;Nasef,M.M.;Miyake,M.;Mozarmnia,P.;Bazilah,N.A.;Emelin,N.F.;Ahmad,A. Highly durable polybenzimidazole composite membranes with phosphonated graphene oxide for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2019, 412, 238–245. [CrossRef] 195. Kannan, R.; Aher, P.P.; Palaniselvam, T.; Kurungot, S.; Kharul, U.K.; Pillai, V.K. Artificially designed membranes using phosphonated multiwall carbon nanotube-polybenzimidazole composites for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2010, 1, 2109–2113. [CrossRef] 196. Kannan,R.;Kagalwala,H.N.;Chaudhari,H.D.;Kharul,U.K.;Kurungot,S.;Pillai,V.K.Improvedperformance of phosphonated carbon nanotube–polybenzimidazole composite membranes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 7223–7231. [CrossRef] 197. Yang,J.;Liu,C.;Gao,L.;Wang,J.;Xu,Y.;He,R.Novelcompositemembranesoftriazolemodifiedgraphene oxide and polybenzimidazole for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell applications. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 101049–101054. [CrossRef] 198. Cao,Y.C.;Xu,C.;Wu,X.;Wang,X.;Xing,L.;Scott,K.Apoly(ethyleneoxide)/grapheneoxideelectrolyte membrane for low temperature polymer fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 8377–8382. [CrossRef] 199. Lee,H.;Han,J.;Kim,K.;Kim,J.;Kim,E.;Shin,H.;Lee,J.C.Highlysulfonatedpolymer-graftedgraphene oxide composite membranes for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2019, 74, 223–232. [CrossRef] 200. Dai,Y.;Wang,J.;Tao,P.;He,R.Varioushydrophiliccarbondotsdopedhightemperatureprotonexchange composite membranes based on polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethersulfone. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2019, 553, 503–511. [CrossRef] 201. Ahmed,S.;Ali,M.;Cai,Y.;Lu,Y.;Ahmad,Z.;Khannal,S.;Xu,S.Novelsulfonatedmulti-walledcarbon nanotubes filled chitosan composite membrane for fuel-cell applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47603. [CrossRef] 202. Choi,P.;Li,B.;Argawal,L.;Pearman,B.P.;Mohajeri,N.;Rodgers,M.P.;Slattery,D.;Bonville,L.;Kunz,H.R.; Fenton, J.M. Effect of Equivalent Weight of Phosphotungstic Acid-Incorporated Composite Membranes on the High Temperature Operation of PEM Fuel Cells. ECS Trans. 2008, 16, 2157–2164. 203. Lee,J.S.;Nohira,T.;Hagiwara,R.Novelcompositeelectrolytemembranesconsistingoffluorohydrogenate ionic liquid and polymers for the unhumidified intermediate temperature fuel cell. J. Power Sources 2007, 171, 535–539. [CrossRef] 204. Ramani, V.; Kunz, H.; Fenton, J. Investigation of Nafion®/HPA composite membranes for high temperature/low relative humidity PEMFC operation. J. Membr. Sci. 2004, 232, 31–44. [CrossRef] 205. Ramani,V.;Kunz,H.R.;Fenton,J.M.Stabilizedcompositemembranesandmembraneelectrodeassembliesfor elevated temperature/low relative humidity PEFC operation. J. Power Sources 2005, 152, 182–188. [CrossRef] 206. Ramani,V.;Kunz,H.R.;Fenton,J.M.Stabilizedheteropolyacid/Nafion®compositemembranesforelevated temperature/low relative humidity PEFC operation. Electrochim. Acta 2005, 50, 1181–1187. [CrossRef] 207. Ramani,V.;Kunz,H.R.;Fenton,J.M.Metaldioxidesupportedheteropolyacid/Nafion®compositemembranes for elevated temperature/low relative humidity PEFC operation. J. Membr. Sci. 2006, 279, 506–512. [CrossRef] 208. Lee, S.Y.; Yasuda, T. Fabrication of protic ionic liquid/sulfonated polyimide composite membranes for non-humidified fuel cells. J. Power Sources 2010, 195, 5909–5914. [CrossRef] 209. Yi,S.;Zhang,F.;Li,W.;Huang,C.;Zhang,H.;Pan,M.Anhydrouselevated-temperaturepolymerelectrolyte membranes based on ionic liquids. J. Membr. Sci. 2011, 366, 349–355. [CrossRef] 210. Yasuda,T.;Nakamura,S.I.;Honda,Y.;Kinugawa,K.;Lee,S.Y.;Watanabe,M.Effectsofpolymerstructureon properties of sulfonated polyimide/protic ionic liquid composite membranes for nonhumidified fuel cell applications. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2012, 4, 1783–1790. [CrossRef] 211. Malik,R.S.;Verma,P.;Choudhary,V.Astudyofnewanhydrous,conductingmembranesbasedoncomposites of aprotic ionic liquid and cross-linked SPEEK for fuel cell application. Electrochim. Acta 2015, 152, 352–359. [CrossRef]

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