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Chapter 1 Introduction higher current density operation [14]. The methanol crossover rate can also be reduced by decreasing the temperature, but this also decreases the reac- tion rates in the fuel cell. Not only methanol crossover is a big disadvantage of the use of Nafion®, but also Ruthenium (Ru) cross-over has a large impact on the performance of DMFCs that utilize Ru at the anode. Ruthenium and Platinum (Pt) are cata- lysts at the anode which accelerate the half reaction given in Equation 1. After the diffusion of Ru through the membrane, it re-deposits at the cath- ode, decreasing the performance of the DMFC [8]. Another drawback of Nafion® is the high price because of the complicated and very toxic production method [15, 16]. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop new membrane materials with low methanol cross-over and high proton conductivity. 5. Scope and structure of this thesis High proton conductivity and low methanol cross-over are two desired prop- erties of a good DMFC membrane. Although, Nafion, the current state of the art polymeric membrane, has high proton conductivity, it suffers from high methanol cross-over. This contributes to decreased overall cell efficiency and lifetime. The reaction of methanol at the cathode results in a loss of fuel and cathode voltage. In order to compete with lithium ion batteries for portable application market, these problems have to be solved. Therefore, there is a strong need to develop and modify new membrane materials for DMFC. To achieve this, in this thesis we attempt to answer the following important questions: 1. Can impregnation of the polyelectrolyte into microporous sup- port decrease membrane swelling and methanol crossover pro- ducing a better DMFC membrane? (Chapters 2 and 3) 2. Does incorporation of conductive inorganic fillers into the polye- lectrolyte polymer produce DMFC membranes with high proton conductivity and low methanol permeability? (Chapter 4) 3. Does micro-structuring of the polyelectrolyte membrane offer any advantage concerning better catalyst utilization in DMFC? (Chapter 5) 11PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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