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Chapter 2 Dimensionally stable N-PE composite membranes for DMFC applications (Fig. 2b). This might be due to the swelling of the top and bottom Nafion® layers (see Fig. 1). However, swelling of the N-PE membrane is almost negli- gible in the area direction (Fig. 2c). Probably, the Solupor® substrate sup- presses the swelling of the composite membrane. This is expected to be very advantageous to the dimensional stability of the MEAs. In contrast the swelling in the area direction of the N117 and DE2020 membranes in- creases at high methanol concentration. These findings are consistent with the work of Yamaguchi et al. [6] and Liu et al [12] with other types of com- posite membrane swelling data. 3.3. Methanol permeability Figure 3 shows the methanol permeabilities of the membranes as a function of methanol concentration. Table 1 presents the permeability and diffusivity results for the three membranes at 1M (the diffusivity was calculated from the lag time (see eq. 4)). For both DE2020 and N117 membranes, methanol permeability increases with methanol concentration. DE2020 has higher methanol permeability than the N117 membrane in the whole concentration range, probably due to its higher ion-exchange capacity, which leads to high swelling. For N-PE membrane the methanol permeability is more or less constant till 6M MeOH, but increases significantly at 10M. Still, the metha- nol permeability of N-PE is much lower than that of N117 and DE2020 membranes (Fig. 3). It seems that the low methanol cross-over of the N-PE is due to the low methanol diffusivity through the membrane and especially through the middle layer. To get a better insight into this, we made a calculation using the resistance in series model. The N-PE membrane consists of three layers, two layers of DE2020 (top and bottom) and one middle layer of impregnated Solupor® (see Fig.1). Using the resistance model and assuming the permeability of the top/bottom layer is that of pure DE2020, one can calculate the permeability of the middle layer at 1M using the equation: lN -PE = 2 . lDE2020 + lmiddle layer (6) PPP N - PE DE2020 middle layer where, lN-PE, PN-PE, lDE2020, PDE2020, lmiddle layer and Pmiddle layer are the thicknesses and permeabilities of the composite membrane, top/bottom layer of the 22PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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