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Chapter 2 Dimensionally stable N-PE composite membranes for DMFC applications at 1M, in contrast to the actual fuel cell results. In fact, N-PE membrane performed better than both N117 and DE2020 membranes. According to β1, the performance of N117 and DE2020 should become worse and of N-PE better at high methanol concentration. β2 and β3 predict that the perform- ance of all membranes would become worse at high methanol concentration and all membranes would have similar performances at high concentra- tions. The actual fuel cell data show indeed a decrease in the performance for all membranes at 6M. The order in performance of the membranes as predicted by β1 (N117 should be the best) and β2, β3 (all should be the same) does not correspond to the fuel cell results. In conclusion, our study shows clearly that one should be very critical when using characteristic values to predict the fuel cell performance. It seems that all characteristic values have very little predictive value. One should perform real fuel cell ex- periments in order to select the suitable membrane for DMFC application. 4. Conclusions N-PE, N117 and DE2020 membranes were characterized with respect to their swelling degree, methanol cross-over, proton conductivity and DMFC performance in order to understand the effect of impregnation of a conduc- tive polymer into a porous non-conductive substrate. The methanol perme- ability and the proton conductivity of the N-PE composite membrane are lower than N117 and DE2020 membranes. N-PE membrane consists of an impregnated middle layer and two layers of pure conductive polymer at the top and bottom. The middle layer is the transport controlling layer. Low pro- ton conductivity of the N-PE membrane is compensated by its significantly low methanol cross-over and this leads to a better DMFC performance at 1 and 6M concentrations in comparison to N117 and DE2020 membranes. In addition to these, N-PE composite membrane has the advantages of high dimensional stability, low membrane thickness, good performance with less amount of Nafion® ionomer. All characteristic values β1, β2 and β3 calcu- lated in this study failed to predict the order of performances of the mem- branes. Acknowledgements This research was financially supported by the Dutch Technology Founda- tion STW (Project no: 5713). The authors wish to thank: 33PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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