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Chapter 3 Impregnated membranes for DMFCs at high methanol concentrations 1. Introduction The development of fuel cells has become the focus of intense worldwide R&D activities, which is stimulated by the legislative pollution control in most industrialized countries [1]. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs), which can convert the chemical energy of a fuel directly into electrical energy, have gained attention as candidates for mobile power sources to portable electronic devices [2-6]. The proton exchange membrane is the heart of DMFC. Currently, perfluorosulfonated ionomer (PFSI) membranes, like DuPont’s Nafion® and Asahi Chemical’s Aciplex®, are used due to their excellent proton conductivity, mechanical strength and thermal and chemical stability 7-11]. However, these materials also have drawbacks like high cost (US$700/m2) due to the expensive fluorination step and high methanol cross-over, especially at high methanol concentrations. In order to compete with Li-ion batteries for portable applications, higher power densities must be achieved. For that reason DMFCs should be operated at high methanol concentrations [12]. Therefore there is a strong need to develop new membrane materials, which would have low methanol cross-over and high dimensional stability. To achieve a membrane stable at high methanol concentration, one strategy would be impregnation of a conductive polymer into a porous support [13- 16]. In fact, we showed previously that excessive swelling of the membrane can be suppressed by impregnation of Nafion into polyethylene porous support, while the methanol cross-over can be minimized [17]. An alternative strategy to minimize methanol crossover is by using a polymer with low methanol cross-over such as Sulfonated Poly(Phthalazinone Ether Ketone) (SPPEK). Its low methanol cross-over and reasonable proton conductivity make it attractive for hydrogen and methanol fuel cells [1, 17- 21]. In this study we combine both strategies, in fact we impregnate SPPEK polymer into a polyethylene support, Solupor® microporous film, (SPPEK- PE) aiming to decrease the methanol cross over and cost, and at the same time to increase their dimensional stability and fuel cell performance. The composite membranes are systematically characterized with respect to their swelling degree, proton conductivity, methanol permeability and DMFC performance at various methanol concentrations. For comparison, the performance of Nafion®117 (N117), Nafion impregnated PE (N-PE) and pure SPPEK membranes is also investigated. 38PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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