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Chapter 4 Nafion®/H-ZSM-5 composite membranes with superior performance for DMFCs from the Al content in the mother sol. Consequently the influence of ZSM-5 seed size on the derived composite membrane performance will be neglected in comparison with the influence of crystal hydrophilicity which strongly increases with the Al concentration. 3.2. SEM study of DE2020/ZSM-5 composite membranes Figure 3 shows typical SEM images of the surfaces and cross-section of DE2020 membrane and DEZ25-1 composite membrane. Top side of the composite membrane (facing the air) seems to be smoother and have more particles than the side facing the Teflon plate probably due to the difference in hydrophilicity of zeolites and Teflon. Besides, the zeolite particles might be dragged to the surface of the membrane during solvent evaporation. Cross-sections of the composite membrane show that the distribution of the zeolite particles is good probably due to the ultrasonication during the membrane preparation. Pure DE2020 membrane has no zeolites in it and has clear surface and cross-section SEM images. Figure 4 shows typical cross-section SEM images of the DEZ25-1, DEZ25-3 and DEZ25-5 composite membranes. Although aggregation might occur for DEZ25-5 membrane, the dispersion of the zeolite particles inside the membrane looks good. There is no visible accumulation of the zeolites towards any of the sides. Similar phenomena have been observed for the other composite membranes, as well. Figure 5 shows typical cross-section SEM images of the composites with the highest zeolite loading (DEZ25-5, DEZ50-5, DEZ75-5 and DEZ100-5). All composite membranes have similar SEM images, no accumulation of the zeolites at the top or the bottom side of the membranes. 3.3. Swelling experiments Figure 6 shows the swelling degrees of the membranes in ultra pure water. All composite membranes swell similar to DE2020 membrane. The difference in hydrophobicity of the zeolites (this increase in the order DEZ100>DEZ75>DEZ50>DEZ25) does not seem to have a significant effect on the membrane swelling in ultra pure water. 59PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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