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Chapter 5 Micro-structured Nafion membranes for DMFC applications adhering well to the non-structured side, whereas it is not always adjacent to the structured side of the membrane. It seems however that the structure could not be fully preserved after the MEA preparation procedure. 3.2. Swelling experiments Figure 4 shows the results of the swelling experiments of as received, heat and pressure treated (hp) (hot embossed on a flat mold) and line structured (μs) N117 membranes. All values in Figure 4 are the average of three samples. After keeping the samples in ultra pure water, the swelling degree in weight for Nafion® 117 is approximately 23%, in agreement with our previous study [13]. However, the swelling of μs N117 and hp N117 membranes is lower than the normal N117. This change in water uptake suggests that the membrane structure changed during hot embossing. Annealing at high temperature which causes rearrangements of the free volume in combination with the high pressure may caused compaction of the polymer network [21]. As a result, water may not be able to infiltrate into the hydrophobic zone resulting in decrease of swelling. 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 N117 μs N117 Membranes Figure 4. Swelling degrees of line structured (μs), heat and pressure treated (hp) and as received N117 membranes. 3.3. Methanol flux Figure 5a and 5b show the methanol amount passing through the membranes in time and the methanol fluxes through line structured (μs), 78 hp N117 Swelling Degree [%]PDF Image | Development of membrane materials for direct methanol fuel cells
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