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a. Catalyticinkpreparation There are various techniques for electrodes preparation. However, most of them involve the use of catalytic ink. This ink contains catalyst particles in suspension in a mixture of an organic solvent and water. To increase the catalytic area, a smaller particle size is preferable. That is why catalyst particles are milled. Three techniques can be utilized [8]: − Magnetic stirring; − Mixing in a sonic bath; − Ball milling. As discussed previously, the catalytic layer needs to contain a certain amount of Nafion. Nafion solution is added to reach a desired percentage of the weight of catalyst. b. Application to the diffusion backing The most common technique is ink spraying. It can be done directly on the electrode backing (usually carbon cloth) or on the membrane. A third option consists in applying it to a Teflon sheet and then transferring it onto the membrane by hot-pressing [9]. In case of application on the diffusion backing, droplets of ink can also be spread on its surface. Once electrodes are made, solvent is evaporated in an oven at a temperature between 80 and 120oC.Other techniques such as dry spraying or screen printing exist. However, they are still developing techniques. c. MEApreparation During cell operation, formed protons need to be transferred as quickly as possible to the cathode. This implies a good continuity between Nafion contained in the catalytic layer and the membrane. To achieve that, the electrodes and the membrane are pressed together high temperature. The techniques used are either hot-rolling, or more frequently, hot-pressing. - 24 -PDF Image | Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Performance
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