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The mixed Zr/Si membrane showed better performance than Nafion at 60oC (Figure 41) whereas the pure Zr membranes had similar performance. At 80oC, things have changed, however. Both Zr and Zr/Si membranes showed better performance (Figure 42). Both proton conductivity and crossover becomes higher than in 112 membranes than in 117 membranes. In this case, proton conductivity becomes sufficient and crossover reduction becomes significant. That must be the reason for higher performance. Besides, the loading of inorganics affects the performance. An increased silica loading has an undesirable effect on performance (Figure 43). Zirconia seems to be more suitable for low methanol permeation membranes than silica. A higher methanol concentration had a negative effect on performance (Figure 44). Even if crossover is reduced at 1mol/L, the resistance to diffusion is not high enough. 6. Overall conclusions Best performance was obtained for anode and cathode made respectively of 4mg/cm2 Pt/Ru black and 4mg/cm2 Pt black. The improvement due to other parameters depend on the operating conditions. It has been seen that Nafion and PTFE loading can enhance performance either at low or high current densities. However, it was not possible to optimize both at the same time. The most important conclusion that can be drawn is that carbon dioxide formation is a great issue in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells. Even though it is possible to get rid of the oscillations by increasing the flow rate, CO2 still has a dramatic effect on the performance. That is why both electrode and bipolar plates should be designed for effective carbon dioxide removal. Electrode optimization: According to Lindermeir et al [7], catalyst particle size should be as small as possible to optimize the active area. Agglomeration was reduced by sonication to keep a small particle size and a narrow size distribution. The hardest part is to control Nafion and PTFE structure in the catalytic layer. The effect of loading was studied but it seems that structure was not optimized. Always, - 62 -PDF Image | Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) Performance
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