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Molecules 2021, 26, 2144 2 of 37 All reasons mentioned above lead to the conclusion that simple organic compounds, such as low molecular weight alcohols, could possibly play the role of one of the main fuels in the future, but the usage of modern fuels requires modern solutions of power generation. The simple burning of these compounds for conventional power generation could lead to large energy losses., so gathering energy directly from a controlled reaction would be much more beneficial. This idea is the foundational concept of fuel cells (Figure 1). Fuel cells are devices that allow electrons to be directly gathered from oxidation reaction, which is taking place on its anodic pole [6]. Figure 1. Scheme of a direct alcohol fuel cell. In working direct alcohol fuel cell, the alcohol solution is fed on the anodic site of the cell and air or pure oxygen that is fed on the cathodic site. As the alcohol oxidizes on the anode, obtained electrons are moving through the outer electric circuit to the cathode, and protons are transported through the proton exchange membrane (PEM) to the cathodic part of the cell. There they react with hydroxide ions, which are the product of cathodic oxygen reduction. Water, which is a product of such reaction, is removed from the system with the cathodic gas stream [7–9]. Unfortunately, fuel cell technology still needs some improvement before it can be used as a large-scale solution. The main problem is related to the lack of electrode ma- terials, mainly for anodes, which should be not only durable in reaction conditions and inexpensive but also show catalytic properties towards fuel oxidation. The development of such materials is a very complicated and time-consuming process that requires extensive research. A general state of anodic materials for fuel cells, as well as further specific infor- mation about materials for the oxidation of the selected compounds, is presented in this paper. They are divided into three main sections: 1. Structure of anodic material that describes the influence of morphology and structure of anodic materials on its properties; 2. Electrooxidation of alcohols is further divided into four subsections—methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol and propanols. They contain a description of the sources of each fuel, mechanism of its oxidation, most popular materials used for its oxidation and direction of development necessary for the commercialization of fuel cells based on each alcohol; 3. Comparison of discussed alcohols that shows advantages and disadvantages of each alcohol as a fuel. 2. Structure of Anodic Material Not only the electrode composition but also its structure strongly affects its catalytic activity. Material properties, such as the metal content, interatomic distance, band va-PDF Image | Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
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