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Molecules 2021, 26, 2144 5 of 37 Reduced graphene oxide has a high surface area and good conductive properties and is characterized by the presence of oxygen-containing functionalities that help effectively disperse catalyst particles and reduces the risk of CO poisoning of the final material because of its hydrophilic nature [13,50,51]. Another disadvantage of carbon support materials is the fact that some of them need to undergo some pretreatments to enhance their properties; for example, better results in terms of nanoparticle size, adhesion and distribution have been noted for MWCNTs doped with nitrogen by its treatment with nitric acid [36]. Such operation not only provides surface functional groups, such as OH− and COOH−, but also removes most of the impurities; however, it may lead to surface defects that worsen the corrosion resistance and electrical conductivity [36]. Without such treatment, despite its advantages, such as good current conductivity, good thermal and chemical stability, large surface area, strong mechanical properties and excellent corrosion resistance, the number of active centers on the MWCNT surface is too low to allow good nanoparticle dispersion [36]. For example, some trials for the different modification of MWCNTs with polydopamine were recently conducted. It was demonstrated that such operations enhance nanoparticle distribution and prevent their deposition as large conglomerates, which leads to higher active areas because more reaction centers can be modified with polydopamine, enhancing the particle distribution [36,60,61]. Another support material that has been demonstrated to work as a support material for alcohol oxidation catalyst are carbon nanocages (CNCs). Instead of classic carbon support, their usage as a support material has led to an almost two-fold higher peak current density from methanol oxidation. They can be easily synthesized by pyrolysis of polypyrrole with the usage of the MgO template [62]. The metal-free semiconductor g-C3N4—polymeric graphitic carbon nitride—is also a popular support material because of its low cost, simple preparation and optimal elemental composition of both carbon and nitrogen. These materials are characterized by versatile physicochemical properties and significant electrocatalytic properties, but because of the presence of numerous irregular holes in their structure, they have lower thermal and electrical conductivities than other carbon materials [63,64]. To use advantages of both metallic and carbon support materials, some composite support materials consisting of inorganic compounds mixed with carbon materials, such as TiCN–GO, have also been examined [38]. The obtained hybrid material not only has a larger surface area but is also more stable than TiCN and provides interconnected pathways during the electrode process due to graphene oxide. The material has a one-dimensional anisotropic morphology, which can enhance electron transport properties for the supported catalyst materials and enhance the mass transport properties of electrode structures. The inorganic part provides a barrier that protects carbon material from oxidation during fuel cell operation. This material also offers great Pt-support reactions, including MOR activity, along with improved CO poisoning immunity [38]. 3. Electrooxidation of Alcohols 3.1. Methanol Oxidation Methanol was one of the first organic compounds produced on a large scale. Since the 19th century, it has been obtained by destructive wood distillation, which is why it is commonly called “wood alcohol”. Later, in the 20th-century, synthetic methanol was produced on a commercial scale [1,2,65]. Currently, methanol is obtained mainly by cat- alytic synthesis from syngas with a yearly production scale of approximately 85 million tons [1,4]. Methanol is a very important raw material for the chemical industry—a large amount of the methanol produced is used as a solvent or substrate for synthesis reactions for chemicals, such as formaldehyde, methyl tert-butyl ether and dimethyl ether [2]. Ad- ditionally, technologies for the catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide extracted from industrial exhaust gases to methanol are known, but even though substantial progress has been made in recent years, these technologies are still not used commercially [1,66–69].PDF Image | Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
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