PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 015
Molecules 2021, 26, 2144 15 of 37 of ethanol and further oxidation towards carbon dioxide than pure platinum electrodes. This leads to a higher number of exchanged electrons, which results in an improvement in the overall process efficiency [138]. Similar properties have been observed for platinum electrodes doped with boron. These have better electrocatalytic properties and CO tolerance in acidic media than Pt [146]. One of the biggest problems of the catalysts based on bimetallic platinum alloys in an acidic environment is the leaching of the less noble metal from the alloy surface [147]. Such phenomenon can be prevented by the addition of another metallic element, such as gold [141]. Another way of preventing the CO poisoning of platinum electrodes is the usage of composite materials, such as Pt/r-NGO/NbN. Metals carbides and nitrates do not enhance the system CO toleration, but also provide high stability of the system, and because of their low cost, they do not increase the cost of the overall system [100]. Niobium nitride shows enhanced electrical conductivity and good stability in both acidic and alkaline media, which makes it a good doping agent. Because niobium in nitride molecules can go through three oxidation states—Nb (V), Nb (IV) and Nb (III)—Pt/r-NGO/NbN composites show strong electrooxidation properties. In comparison with commercial Pt/C catalyst Pt/rGO/Nb4N3 composites, Pt/r-NGO/NbN composites have higher peak current density, higher CO tolerance, lower onset potential and lower potential shift. Their enhanced immunity towards CO poisoning is probably related to a bifunctional mechanism in which water split takes place at the NbN sites, and the OHads produced in this reaction prevent the poisoning of the neighboring Pt sites [100]. Most platinum-based materials for ethanol oxidation in alkaline media lead to the C2 mechanism resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde and acetate as the main products, making them unprofitable for use as anodic materials for DEFCs [16,83,136]. They also show high sensitivity towards CO poisoning, which leads to a decreasing number of active sites available for ethanol and a decrease in the catalyst activity [16,83,136]. Additionally, platinum is a rare and strategic metal, and its price is relatively high, which makes Pt-based anodes expensive. The commercialization of these electrodes can be difficult, and thus, more researchers have focused on developing Pd-based catalytic anodes for the EOR. Anodic materials based on palladium are an alternative to the widely used platinum-based anodes [11]. Palladium is a very promising metal regarding alcohol oxidation in alkaline solutions. It not only shows high catalytic activity and stability on its own but also, thanks to the synergic effect, enhances the performance of other metallic elements [32,136]. Because of these advantages, palladium bimetallic systems have been widely investigated because of their potential application as reaction catalysts and as anodic materials with electrocatalytic properties in fuel cells. Ethanol oxidation over palladium to C2 products shows the following mechanism [12]: Pd + OH− → Pd-OHads (17) Pd + CH3CH2OH → Pd-(CH3CH2OH)ads (18) Pd-(CH3CH2OH)ads + 3 OH− → Pd-(CH3CO)ads + 3 H2O + 3 e− (19) Pd-(CH3CO)ads + Pd-OHads → Pd-CH3COOH + Pd (20) Pd-CH3COOH + OH− → Pd + CH3COO− + H2O (21) The final product of this cascade of reactions is acetate, which is the main reason why palladium is not used as an EOR anodic material on its own. The addition of another metallic element to the Pd catalyst makes it more stable and more active towards ethanol oxidation in alkaline media because it increases the ability of the final material to break the C–C bond [136].PDF Image | Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
PDF Search Title:
Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of AlcoholsOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-26-02144.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)