PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 017
Molecules 2021, 26, 2144 17 of 37 ratio and allowed better usage of strategic and expensive noble metals [12,156]. Even better results were observed for PdNi materials doped with phosphorus because of their enhanced activity and stability related to the presence of phosphorus [13,155] that, as a nonmetallic element, is capable of modifying the metals electronic structure, which enhances the electronic (ligand) effect related to the presence of nickel in PdNi catalyst [13]. Nickel itself can be used as a catalytic material. Because of its low price (compared to platinum), it has been proposed as the first nonprecious metal for alcohol oxidation and is gaining increasing research attention. The nickel surface characteristics, related to its oxidation from Ni2+ to Ni3+, lead to strong results in regard to the oxidation of simple alcohols [134]. During alcohol oxidation, Ni3+ is the active species, so the performance of nickel-based electrodes can be further improved using another element with low ox- idation potential as a dopant, which enhances the oxidation of nickel from the II to III oxidation state [134]. Examples of these elements include cobalt [134], chromium [129] and molybdenum [159]. In the case of a cobalt bifunctional mechanism takes place because Co atoms promote the adsorption of hydroxide ions at low potentials and thus improve the formation of nickel hydroxide active sites, as it was shown in reaction (10) [134]. Ni–Co–Fe has been used as an industrial-scale ethanol oxidation catalyst with the trade name HYPERMECTM [83,160]. The producer—an Italian company Enapter (previously called Acta) declares a peak performance of over 250 mW cm−2 at 80 ◦C with ethanol fuel and fuel cell durability over 3000 h for their noble metal-free catalyst [160]. They have also supplied electrodes for probably the world’s first fuel cell demonstration vehicle in cooperation with a team from the Hochschule Offenburg—the University of Applied Science in Germany at Shell Eco Marathon in France in 2006 [160]. The use of fuel cells as a power source for vehicles is very important because ethanol usage by the automotive industry is already increasing with the increasing participation of biodiesel, and further changes towards the elimination of fossil fuels would be much easier [83,160]. During its usage of HYPERMEC (Ni–Fe–Co catalyst), no acetate is found as a reaction product, and the formed acetaldehyde is further oxidized to carbon dioxide. Additionally, the lack of CO poisoning and higher current density obtained during the EOR with this system are large advantages compared to Pt-based catalysts [83]. The proposed reaction mechanism suggests that Ni sites are responsible for ethanol dehydrogenation and the breaking of the C–C bond, while Co and Fe are active sites for OH−-ion adsorption for further oxidation of ethanol decomposition fragments [83]. 3.3. Ethylene Glycol Oxidation Among the small organic molecules that can act as fuel for proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), ethylene glycol is one of the most promising candidates. Ethylene glycol has low toxicity [28,90,161], low membrane penetration [25,85,90,108,161], high- energy-density [25,161] and relatively high reactivity in ambient temperatures [28,161], which are all valuable features for fuel in PEMFCs. It is a clear, odorless and biodegradable liquid that is very soluble in water [90]. Pure, anhydrous EG is not aggressive towards most metals and plastics, which, combined with low vapor pressure and stability, simplifies its transportation and storage. The only requirement for tank materials for ethylene glycol is that they cannot contain phenolic resins since they are not resistant to EG [90]. Additionally, EG is safer to work with than methanol and ethanol because it has a higher boiling point and higher volumetric capacity (see Table 1). Furthermore, because of the larger size of a single EG molecule, the membrane crossover is much smaller than in the case of methanol, which enhances the process efficiency because of the weaker cathodic poisoning effect [25,85,90,108]. The process of ethylene glycol production has been known since 1859, but its industrial- scale production began during World War I when it was used during the production of explosive materials as a substitute for glycerol [90]. Currently, it is a very important chemical that is widely used, i.e., in the automobile industry as a cooling agent [25,90,162] and as a raw material for the production of polyester fibers [90]. Nowadays, it is producedPDF Image | Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
PDF Search Title:
Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of AlcoholsOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-26-02144.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |