PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 022
Molecules 2021, 26, 2144 22 of 37 (because of high volume to surface ratio), which allows better utilization of the catalyst and consequently lowers the amount of material necessary for electrooxidation, and high flexi- bility and stability, which allows the production of smaller, more portable devices [15,25]. Popular doping elements for platinum-based electrodes, other than ruthenium, in- clude cobalt [171], palladium [88,154,162], bismuth [88,162], lead [162], tin [91,144,168], gold [25,58,162,167,180,181] and silver [31,51,182]. All of the mentioned metals change the anodic material properties in different ways. The doping of cobalt into platinum-based catalysts improves the conductivity, thanks to the electronic (ligand) effect, which improves the whole reaction’s efficiency [171]. The doping of palladium, as palladium shows cat- alytic properties towards the EGOR on its own, results in an extraordinarily active material with a large electroactive area because active centers for EGOR are present not only on platinum but also on palladium [162]. The addition of bismuth leads to the formation of C2 molecules as the main reaction products. This is probably linked to the dilution of active platinum centers and thus the weaker ability of the electrode to break the C–C bonds. The losses linked to doping the electrode material with bismuth significantly outweigh the benefits [88,162]. Tin, as an element that is less electronegative than platinum, gives its valence electrons to platinum, which results in the occurrence of an electronic (ligand) effect. This change in the Pt electronic structure strongly influences CO affinity to the anodic surface and thus improves the electrode immunity to poisoning [144]. Additionally, because of the high oxophilicity of tin [144], the water-splitting potential decreases as a consequence of the formation of tin oxides Sn(Ox) [91,168] or hydroxides—Sn(OH)2 and Sn(OH)4 [144]—on the surface of the electrode material, which enhances the further oxidation of adsorbed carbon intermediates and consequently improves the anodic efficiency and immunity to poisoning even more [91,144,168]. Another advantage of using PtSn as an anodic material is that it shows catalytic properties towards EGOR and ethanol and glycerol oxidation. This versatility would be very convenient for potential industrial applications because it would allow fuel changes depending on the availability or price of these fuels [15]. The EGOR mechanism on the surface of the PtSn anode involves the formation of *COCH2OH as an intermediate before the breaking of the C–C bond [91]. The presence of tin, which shows oxophilic properties, allows double site adsorption of this molecule, which enhances the selectivity towards carbon dioxide formation. This C–C split probably takes place by the adsorption of *COCH2OH through the carbonyl group on the Pt atom and by the oxygen connected to the beta carbon atom connecting to the tin atom [91]. This mechanism can be proven by analyzing the effect of alkali treatment on the PtSn catalyst. After such an operation, the selectivity of the catalyst towards CO2 formation decreases. This can be caused by the lack of free Sn adsorption sites, which are all occupied by hydroxide ions. Without the adsorption of hydroxy acetyl on tin, the adsorption on the Pt sites weakens, which makes the desorption and oxidative removal of carbon oxide intermediates more favorable. Consequently, the formation of mainly C2 intermediates lowers the electrode selectivity towards CO2 [91]. Another doping material for platinum electrodes is gold [58,162,167,180]. As a metal that shows good electrical conductivity and a strong affinity to oxygen, it has charac- teristics favorable for a doping material [167]. Doping platinum electrodes with gold gives the final material higher activity thanks to the synergistic effect [180] and stability in alkaline environments, which is crucial for the EGOR and enhances the kinetics under these conditions [162,167]. Silver, as a metal with the highest electrical conductivity and high oxophilicity, also has been proposed as a doping agent for platinum catalysts for EGOR. This has led to catalytic materials with higher activity and stability than pure platinum thanks to enhanced conductivity [31,182]. An example of PtAg nanostructure is presented in Figure 7.PDF Image | Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of Alcohols
PDF Search Title:
Effect of Anode Material on Electrochemical Oxidation of AlcoholsOriginal File Name Searched:
molecules-26-02144.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)