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Nanomaterials 2021, 11, 1017 57%, whereas that of the Pd/Co3O4@MWCNT composite catalyst decreased to a lesser ex- tent and retained 68% of its initial value. With regard to the long-time durability of the catalysts, the voltammograms showed high stability of the Pd/Co3O4@MWCNT compo- site, with no distinct current change; the initial limiting current density was 0.67 V (vs. RHE). All chronoamperometric responses demonstrate that the Pd/Co3O4@MWCNT com- posite possesses high durability and favorable kinetics. Therefore, the composite can be used effectively as a cathode catalyst in alkaline fuel cells. Figure6.Durabilityttesttfforr((aa))ccoommeercricaialPlPdd//Cccaatatalylyststanandd(b()bP)dP/dC/CooO3O4@MWCNTwitihthininjejectcitn-g 34 ined [34[3].4]F.iguFriegu7rsehow7s tshheopwolsaritzhaetionpaonladripzoawtioerndeannsidty cpuorvweesrof Pdden/sCiotyO c@uMrvWesCNoTf −2 Patdr/oCoom3Ot4e@mMpWeraCtuNrTe.aAt rcouormrentetmdepnesriattyuoref.1A3.9c6u3rrmenAt dcmensitaynodf 1a3m.9a6x3imuAmcmpowaenrddaemnsaitxy- −2 ◦ iomf2u.m792pmowWercmdensaitty2o0f2C.7w92ermeoWbtcamineda,tw20hi°cChawrereloabtitvaeinlyedhi,gwhhciocmhpaarererdeltaotitvhelvyahluigehs ‒2 pcoremsepnatreditnootthervsatludesiepsr(eTsaebnlete1d).inFoortPhedr-bsatuseddiecsat(hToadbleec1a)t.aFlyosrtsPadn-dbaPste-dbacsaetdhocdatealcyasttas-, the maximum power density was achieved in some studies at approximately half of the lysts and Pt-based catalysts, the maximum power density was achieved in some studies maximum power density obtained herein. This demonstrates the promising electrocatalytic 34 ‒2 9 of 12 ing 0.33 M urea in O2-saturated 1.0 M KOH electrolyte solution. 0.33 M urea in O2-saturated 1.0 M KOH electrolyte solution. Furthermore, the use of the prepared sample as a catholyte in the DUFC was exam- at approximately half of the maximum power density obtained herein. This demonstrates performance of the Pd/Co O @MWCNT composite in urea fuel cell applications. Finally, the promising electrocataly3tic4 performance of the Pd/Co3O4@MWCNT composite in urea we could utilize the synthesized composite instead of commercial catalysts to reduce the fuel cell applications. Finally, we could utilize the synthesized composite instead of com- cost by the dilution of Pd with non-precious metal oxides for a highly active catalyst. mercial catalysts to reduce the cost by the dilution of Pd with non-precious metal oxides Nanomaterials 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 10 of 1 The durability will be investigated in long term tests to use in practical applications and for a highly active catalyst. The durability will be investigated in long term tests to use in large-scale utility for higher catalyst’s properties in future researches. practical applications and large-scale utility for higher catalyst’s properties in future re- searches. Cathode Catalyst Anode Catalyst Fuel (Anode/Cathode) 0.33 M Urea/O2 1 M Urea + 3 M KOH/O2 Membrane FAA (Fumasep FAA-3) PMMA (Polymethyl-methacrylate) CEM&AEM Maximum Temperature Power (°C) Density (mW cm‒2) 25 1.12 25 1.6 Ref. [19] [35] Pd/C Pd-Ni/C Pt/C Ni/CNT Figure 7. Performance of urea/O fuel cell using commercial Ni/C, FAS−30, and Figure 7. Performance of urea/O2 fuel2cell using commercial Ni/C, FAS−30, and Pd/Co O @MWCNT as anode, membrane, and cathode materials, respectively. Pd/Co33O44@MWCNT as anode, membrane, and cathode materials, respectively. Table 1. Comparison of performance of different cathode catalysts in DUFC. 2PDF Image | Effect of Co3O4 Nanoparticles on Improving Catalytic Behavior
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