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Figure 5-28. Strong cathodic polarization curves performed at 850 °C in dry H2 on (a) Cu, (b) Ni, (c) Pd, and (d) Pt electrodes ........................................................................................................................149 Figure 5-29. Impedance measurements made at 850 °C in dry H2 in the Ni electrode (a) during the strong cathodic polarizations at each applied bias and (b) before and after the polarizations at OCV. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 151 Figure 5-30. Impedance spectra measured at OCV before and after the strong cathodic polarization, at 850 °C in 50% H2O/H2 and in 50% CO2/CO, for the (a) Cu, (b) Ni, (c) Pd, and (d) Pt electrodes...................................................................................................................................................152 Figure 5-31. Activation factors for the LSRP of the electrodes between the first measurements in the test and after the strong cathodic polarization...................................................................................153 Figure 5-32. Impedance spectra measured on a Ni electrode at OCV at 850 °C in 3% H2O/H2 before and after the strong cathodic polarization....................................................................................153 Figure 5-33. Polarization curves before and after the strong cathodic polarizations for the (a) Cu, (b) Ni, (c) Pd, and (Pt) electrodes...............................................................................................................155 Figure 5-34. Polarization curves after the strong cathodic polarizations for all of the metals overlaid, in (a) 50% H2O/H2 and (b) 50% CO2/CO..............................................................................156 Figure 5-35. Polarization curves performed at 850 °C on a Ni electrode that had been oxidized. 156 Figure 5-36. YSZ electrolyte pellets after tests in which strong cathodic polarizations were performed. (a) Photograph after a –2000 mV polarization. (b) Optical micrograph after a –1500 mV polarization.....................................................................................................................................................157 Figure 5-37. SEM micrographs of the YSZ surface at the edge of where the metal-YSZ interface had been during testing, for (a) a Pt electrode, (b) the same Pt electrode elsewhere on the perimeter, (c) a Pd electrode, (d) a Ni electrode..........................................................................................................159 Figure 5-38. SEM micrographs of the (a, b and d) YSZ surface at the edge of the contact area of a Ni electrode which had been subjected to a strong cathodic polarization. (c) The surface of the Ni wire that had been in contact with the YSZ surface................................................................................160 Figure 5-39. Proposed correlation of inconsistencies between different studies based on trends observed.......................................................................................................................................................... 162 Figure 6-1. Illustration of solid oxide cell electrodes comprised of an electrocatalytic coating of networked particles ....................................................................................................................................... 177 Figure 6-2. Phase stability for the Mo-O and W-O systems, according to thermodynamic data...180 Figure 6-3. SEM micrographs of a Mo wire that had been subjected to 3% H2O/H2, then 50% H2O/H2 which caused oxidation to MoO2, then 3% H2O/H2 again which reduced it back to metal. .......................................................................................................................................................................... 181 viiPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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