PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 052
Chapter 2. Replacing Petroleum with Sustainable Energy Carriers 31 biodiesel) may have lower energy density and be unable to substitute directly, but biomass can be converted using reactors similar to those that perform fossil-to-liquids conversions—or fed together with fossil resources [96]—to yield fuels that can directly substitute for petroleum- derived fuels. In general, liquid hydrocarbons are the most practical energy carriers due to their high energy density and ability to readily substitute into the current transportation infrastructure and vehicles. Use of fossil-derived synthetic hydrocarbons can result in lower tailpipe emissions of non-GHG pollutants than their petroleum counterparts [97] while typically having higher life- cycle GHG emissions, especially when the feedstock is coal [12]. As discussed in the fossil energy sources section above, management of these GHG emissions requires capturing CO2 from the atmosphere and storing it in addition to CCS at the fuel production plant. Fossil- derived hydrocarbons have a WTW RNEB of roughly 0.2. This is significantly less than the electricity-based energy carriers, mainly because of the lower efficiency of internal combustion engines than the electric drive trains. Combustion of biofuels is generally cleaner than petroleum fuels because tailpipe emissions contain little sulfur. CO, particulates and unburnt hydrocarbons may also be moderately reduced, while in the case of biodesel, nitrogen oxides may be increased [27, 98]. As discussed in the biomass section 2.3.2 above, the life-cycle GHG emissions associated with biofuels depend greatly on land use. When not displacing other carbon sinks, biofuels can significantly reduce GHGs. In terms of the energy balance, there have been many recent studies about current biofuels, with widely varying estimates. Variability derives from differing system boundaries, different data for a given process or stage, and whether a study assigns energy equivalent values to co-products. Corn ethanol was recently estimated, by two separate studies, to possess slightly more energy (WTT RNEB = 1.19 to 1.25) than the energy expended to collect the biomass and produce the fuel [4, 6]. A WTT RNEB of 1 implies that there is no reduction in total fossil fuel used. However, there is still a significant reduction in petroleum use—up to 94% [6, 99, 100]. Sugarcane has a much higher energy return [101], and advanced biofuels are expected to as well [6, 34, 102]. Even corn ethanol is seeing improvements in energy efficiency during production [103]. Therefore, although the WTT RNEB for today’s biofuels is low [4, 6, 102], we do not expect it to be a long-term constraint. The constraints associated with the biomass energy source appear to be much more severe. Hydrocarbons can also be produced without the use of fossil or biomass resources. Processes that store the energy of the potentially most sustainable long-term sources (renewable and nuclear) as the most practical carrier (hydrocarbon) are under development. Such carbon- neutral, synthetic hydrocarbon fuels are based on the industrial capture of CO2 from the air and the splitting of H2O and/or CO2 driven by affordable renewable or nuclear energy. This interesting means of producing hydrocarbons is the topic of Chapter 3.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |