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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 43 3.1. Introduction Hydrocarbon fuels provide the majority of all transportation energy, and petroleum is the dominant feedstock from which transportation fuels are produced. Hydrocarbons ii produced from other feedstocks (fossil and biomass), as well as carbon-free energy carriers (such as hydrogen, batteries and ultracapacitors), are potentially more sustainable alternatives. The benefits of hydrocarbons over carbon-free energy carriers include higher energy density and use of existing infrastructure (fuel distribution and vehicles). While increased use of electric propulsion will likely reduce liquid fuel demand, hydrocarbons will continue to be needed— especially as fuels in aircraft, sea vessels, and haulage vehicles, and they also provide the chemical building blocks for much of the chemical industry. Their widespread use calls for means to produce them sustainably. As a direct replacement for petroleum-based hydrocarbons, biofuels and fossil carbon derived synthetic fuels (e.g. coal derived liquid fuels) are receiving the most attention. Their sustainability depends largely on the source of the feedstock and, in the case of fossil carbon based fuels, on the availability of carbon capture and storage technologies and sites. Similar hydrocarbons can also be produced without using fossil fuels or biomass. Using renewable and/or nuclear energy (as heat, electricity, and/or light), carbon dioxide and water can be recycled into hydrocarbon fuels (Figure 3-1) in a non-biological process. Initially, CO2 captured from large industrial sources (e.g. aluminum plants) could be utilized. In the long term, the capture of CO2 from the atmosphere [2] would enable a closed-loop hydrocarbon fuel cycle (Figure 3-1). When solar energy drives the dissociation of CO2 and H2O, the fuel cycle is comparable to that of biofuels: synthetic ―trees‖ collect CO2 from the air and use solar energy to fix it as carbon (Figure 3-2). However, this fuel cycle avoids the biomass intermediate product, which consumes a lot of resources to cultivate (water, fertilizer, etc) and needs to be processed further to produce a fuel. Far less land would be needed for photovoltaic or solar thermally driven fuel production than for land-based biofuel production; even with low- efficiency solar panels driving the process, the components would cover less than a tenth of the land area that is needed to grow typical biomass used for energyiii. The land also need not be fertile nor artificially fertilized, avoiding competition with food agriculture and other important ii ―Hydrocarbons‖ will be used throughout this article to refer to a range of carbonaceous fuels, including gasoline, diesel, alcohols, dimethyl ether, etc. iii Typical biomass captures less than 1% of solar energy, and further energy losses in conversion of biomass to fuel result in a fuel ethanol efficiency from solar energy, using corn and sugarcane feedstocks, of around 0.16-0.24% [3]. Commercial solar panels convert around 10-30% of sunlight to electricity, and fuel production from electricity can be accomplished with around 70% efficiency, as will be seen later in this article.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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