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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 48 extension to a naval sea vessel with on-board nuclear generator [11]. All of the above processes were based on a low temperature electrolysis dissociation step. Recently, Martin and Kubic [12, 13] proposed a slight variation on these processes. Phillips and Isenberg [14] proposed a different (but also nuclear-driven) process beginning with mineral carbonates (therefore an indirect air capture of CO2), decomposing them to release CO2, electrolyzing the CO2 at high temperature in a solid oxide cell to yield CO, and reacting the CO with steam via a multi-step process to synthesize hydrocarbon fuels. Yamauchi et al [15] proposed a CO2-based methanol synthesis process using H2 from high temperature electrolysis of H2O, without much consideration as to how the CO2 would be obtained. Research on the hydroxide-based air capture processes continued through the 1990s by Bandi et al [16] and Stucki et al [17], without the direct tie to nuclear energy or any specific energy source. Weimer et al (also with Bandi) introduced a solar electricity and heat based process with thermally driven air capture absorbent regeneration and high temperature electrolysis of H2O [18] or co-electrolysis of H2O and CO2 [19] providing the dissociation step. Hashimoto et al [20] described a process to produce H2 by seawater electrolysis powered by solar panels installed in the desert and to synthesize CH4 by combining the H2 with exhaust CO2 collected from industrial plants. Jensen et al [21-23] have demonstrated a direct solar-driven process that, via combined high-temperature thermolysis and photolysis of CO2, yields CO for synthetic fuel production. Miller and co-workers [24] are developing a solar- driven process based on H2O and/or CO2 dissociation using ferrites in a thermochemical cycle. They propose to use the resulting H2 and/or CO for methanol synthesis. Mignard et al [25, 26] worked out energy balances and cost estimates of several processes for synthesis of methanol and gasoline from industrial waste CO2 and marine (wind and wave) energy driving the low temperature H2O electrolysis and fuel synthesis. Olah et al [27-29] have advocated a ―methanol economy‖ and proposed methanol synthesis by reacting H2 with air-captured CO2 or by low-temperature electrolysis of air-captured CO2 in water to yield syngas followed by methanol synthesis. Recently there has been a surge of renewed interest in synthetic fuel cycles based on high temperature electrolysis of H2O, CO2, or both [30-38] (and see Chapter 4). All of this work has focused on the performance and durability of the electrolysis cells in the dissociation stage of the process. Table 3-1 summarizes the above review with each full cycle concept mapped to the pathways of Figure 3-3, using the letter codes that label each step in Figure 3-3. It is evident that the majority of the early work was based on a nuclear energy source (―G‖), low temperature electrolysis (―W‖), and methanol synthesis (―2‖). More recently the concept has been often based on solar (―F‖) and wind (―H‖) energy and high temperature electrolysis (―V‖).PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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