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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 51 To release the bound CO2, the absorbent must then be regenerated with electrical or thermal energy. Alternatively, a carbonate solution has been used to absorb CO2 [5, 6, 12, 14, 56], forming bicarbonate: CO2 + CO32– + H2O 2HCO3– The CO2 binds more weakly to a carbonate than to a hydroxide. While absorption into a carbonate requires a longer contact time between the air and the absorbent and/or more of the absorbent, it has the advantage that less energy is needed to release the CO2 and regenerate the absorbent. In a study comparing the energy demand of several means of air capture, dilute carbonate solution as absorbent was found to require the least amount of energy [5]. However, the absorption rates may be too slow for an economical process. Other CO2 absorption media have been examined as well as materials that CO2 adsorbs onto [5, 57]. A variety of geometries for the air contactor have been tested, including packed beds [52] and spray towers [53]. Any process that consumes natural mineral carbonates and leaves behind the oxide or hydroxide form of the mineral could also be considered a method of capturing carbon dioxide from the air, as the waste product is likely to recarbonate with CO2 extracted from the air. A process starting from natural mineral carbonates e.g. calcite (CaCO3) to make synthetic fuels with nuclear energy has been proposed [14]. However, the authors did not consider the possibility of closing the carbon cycle by letting the resulting CaO absorb CO2 from the air. Once CO2 has been captured, the absorption or adsorption medium must be regenerated to release the CO2 and prepare it for capture again. The regeneration of alkaline solutions can be electrically driven via electrodialysis [16, 18, 45, 46] or thermally driven by cycles involving calcination of CaCO3 or other carbonates [9, 18, 19, 47, 49, 51, 52]. Another alternative, electrolysis of the spent absorbent, is an integration of absorbent regeneration and dissociation stages, from which H2 and O2 production accompanies release of CO2 [4, 13, 17, 34]. Since most CO2-recycled fuel production processes include H2 production anyway, electrolytic regeneration offers a potentially low energy demand if efficient electrolytic cells are developed. However, the CO2 and O2 are disadvantageously released together from the anode compartment of the electrolysis cell, requiring subsequent gas-phase separation. Alternatively a three-compartment cell could facilitate separate release of the CO2 and O2 [7, 8, 34]. An integration of absorbent regeneration and fuel synthesis, by reacting H2 directly with CaCO3 to yield hydrocarbons, has also been proposed [9]. Recently, a new process involving using a solid adsorbent which is regenerated by a humidity swing has been developed and significantly reduces the energy demands and cost of the process [2]. Whereas thermal air capture cycles have been estimated to need 400-700 kJ heat per mol CO2 and electrodialysis cycles around 400 kJ electricity per mol CO2 [52], this process has been estimated to need only 50 kJ electricity per mol CO2. The cost of air capture has beenPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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