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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 66 CO32- ions respectively, they can electrolyze CO2 to CO in addition to H2O to H2. However, electrolysis using molten carbonate cells to produce H2 or CO carries a disadvantage, in that a mol of CO2 is effectively transported across the cell for every mol of fuel produced: Cathode: H2O(g) + CO2(g) + 2e– H2(g) + CO32– or 2 CO2(g) + 2e– CO(g) + CO32– Anode: CO32– 2e– + 1⁄2 O2(g) + CO2(g) This CO2 is released at the anode along with O2, resulting in a mixed product stream there. Additional energy must then be spent to separate the CO2 and O2, as the CO2 can of course not be released to the atmosphere, and the CO2 will be needed again for the cathode reaction. The only report of such molten carbonate based electrolysis was a preliminary report made by a NASA research group with the intention to electrolyze CO2 from the CO2-rich atmosphere of Mars to produce breathable oxygen [140]. Recently, direct electrolysis of molten carbonate to produce CO and O2 was reported [141]. The cell used differs from that of the above-mentioned molten carbonate cells in that molten carbonate is not only the electrolyte but the reactant as well: Cathode: CO32- + 2e– CO(g) + 2 O2– Anode: CO32– 2e– + 1⁄2 O2(g) + CO2(g) The oxide ions that are produced at the cathode facilitate re-absorption of the CO2 produced at the anode as well as additional CO2: 2 CO2(g) + 2 O2– 2 CO32– Indeed, the amount of CO2 measured at the anode outlet gas stream was less than 0.005 atm. This cell type therefore does not have the problem of separating CO2 from the output oxygen stream. The authors state that CO2 at a partial pressure of just a few percent can be absorbed from the feed gas stream by the carbonate melt. The current densities attained are low (<100 mA/cm2) and the long-term durability is unknown, but the electrode and container materials are inexpensive (only titanium and graphite) and the performance of the cell has not been optimized. Both types of molten carbonate cell technology share the disadvantage that the molten carbonate is corrosive which limits the choice of stable materials for the electrodes and other components. Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) do not suffer from the above problem. Their electrode reactions are (depending on whether they are operating on steam or CO2 input feed streams):PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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