PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 092
Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 71 3.2.3. Catalytic Fuel Synthesis Some of the dissociation processes produce hydrocarbons directly, but in most cases it is simpler and often beneficial to produce one or both components (CO/H2) of syngas and catalyze fuel synthesis from these energy-rich precursors. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was developed in the 1920s and has been used economically as part of coal-to-liquids (CTL) and natural gas-to-liquids (GTL) projects [215]. The reaction can be represented by: 2 H2(g) + CO(g) –CH2–(l) + H2O(g) + 165 kJ (at 400K) [216] where –CH2– is part of a hydrocarbon chain. A variety of hydrocarbons can be produced; chain growth depends on the catalyst, syngas composition, and reactor temperature and pressure. High-temperature (300-350°C) yields gasoline and low molecular mass olefins over Fe-based catalysts while low-temperature reactors (200-240°C) yield diesel and high molecular mass linear waxes over Fe or Co-based catalysts. The water-gas shift reaction competes under certain conditions. Synthesis typically yields hydrocarbon chains with a distribution of chain lengths, up to gasoline- or diesel-like fuel distributions. Methanol can be produced in a Fischer-Tropsch-like reaction. Traditional methanol synthesis is carried out by reforming fossil-derived syngas over a Cu-ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst [26] according to CO(g) + 2 H2(g) CH3OH(l) + 128 kJ (at 298K) with up to 18% CO2 in the syngas. High methanol selectivity requires high pressures and low temperatures. The same catalyst can be used for methanol synthesis from CO2 and H2, according to CO2(g) + 3 H2(g) CH3OH(l) + H2O(g) + 87 kJ (at 298K) [26]. It has been stated that this type of methanol synthesis reactor (not necessarily with this particular catalyst) is commercially available with operating parameters of 50-100 bar and 200- 300 °C [18]. Modified catalysts, such as those with ZrO2-modified Al2O3 supports, show improvements by enhancing the dispersion of the copper particles [208, 217]. Zeolite membrane reactors also show promising results [218]. It has been shown that the carbon source in such methanol synthesis is exclusively CO2 and therefore the reaction mechanism involves hydrogenation of the adsorbed CO2, which proceed through an intermediate species of formate (HCOO-) [219]. Methanol synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation was demonstrated as early as 1927 [220]. Many proposed CO2-derived fuel cycles include methanol synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation (Table 3-1). Methanol-to-gasoline reactors that reform the methanol product to higher hydrocarbons have been investigated. They exhibit varying selectivity, over zeolite catalysts [26]PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |