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Chapter 3. Sustainable Hydrocarbon Fuels by Recycling CO2 with Renewable/Nuclear Energy 75 preferable, which would make steam electrolysis preferable over co-electrolysis for this process. Another option to possibly improve the net efficiency is integrating fuel synthesis with the cell or into the outlet of the cell [31, 231]. While this may simplify heat management, to fully realize the benefits of this would also require the development of cells that run in the same temperature range as fuel synthesis – then the heat generated in fuel synthesis reactions would contribute to heating the cell, resulting in minimal heat loss, in theory. The typical materials used for solid oxide electrolysis cells would not be adequate for such low temperature operation, in terms of the electrolyte conductivity and the catalytic activity of the electrodes; new materials would be needed. Alternatively, advanced alkaline water electrolysis cells could be operated at an elevated temperature that provides conditions for catalytic fuel synthesis by CO2 hydrogenation, and CO2 could be injected into the cathode compartment where H2 is being produced (as mentioned near the end of section 3.2.2.3.1). CO2 air capture device (45 °C) CO2 in the atmosphere 2H2O Renewable/ nuclear electricity Qth –CH2– (liquid fuels) H2O CO2 Qel Qth CO + 2H2 O2 HH XX Solid oxide electrolyzer (850 °C) Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (300 °C) Figure 3-6. Schematic of the proposed CO2-recycled synthetic fuel production process. –CH2– represents a hydrocarbon, which could also be represented as a longer-chain molecule such as C8H18. HX: heat exchanger. Table 3-2. Energy balance for the process shown in Figure 3-6. Units of the Q terms are kJ electricity per mol –CH2– and kJ heat per mol –CH2– for Qel and Qth respectively. ηHX is the heat exchange efficiency. Reaction CO2 (atmosphere) 2 H2O (l, seawater) CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (l) 2 H2O (g) + CO2 (g) (2 H2 + CO) (g, 1 bar) 2 H2 (g) + CO (g) –CH2– (l) + H2O (l) input Qth T (°C) 45 20 121 20 250 50 300 output Qth T (°C) Fuel 45 20 250 50 300 209 20 647 647 Stage CO2 air capture H2O desalination CO2 + H2O pre-heating Electrolysis systema Syngas compression Fischer-Tropsch Auxiliary components Total 928 CO2 (concentrated) 2 H2O (l, pure) ηHX Qel 50 CO2 (g) + 2 H2O (g) 2 H2 (g) + CO (g) + 1.5 O2 0.1 93% (g) 93% 838 30 (2 H2 + CO) (g, 20 bar) 10 a The electrolysis system includes the cell stack which operates at 850 °C, an ohmic heater for operating the cell below the thermoneutral voltage, a heat exchanger which heats the inlet gasses to 850 °C and cools the outlet gasses to just above the temperature of the inlet gasses, and a condenser which cools the product gasses to 50 °C and collects unconverted water.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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