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Chapter 4. Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in Solid Oxide Cells 97 In the present work we examined the co-electrolysis performance of a solid oxide cell and studied the durability during co-electrolysis at consecutively higher current densities. Analysis of the DRT of the impedance spectra measured at various conditions before and after long-term testing segments is also introduced as a way to study the cell degradation mechanisms. In this study, the DRT technique enables identification of the rate-limiting processes that contribute to the cell impedance, their relative resistances, and how they change over time, without relying on a model (equivalent-circuit or otherwise) and the assumptions inherent in a model. The processes that are responsible for changes in cell performance can therefore be identified unambiguously. 4.2. Experimental A planar Ni/YSZ-supported solid oxide cell produced at Risø DTU was tested as an electrolysis cell. The cell had a 16 cm2 active area and consisted of a dense thin YSZ electrolyte sandwiched between a porous Ni/YSZ composite negative-electrode and a porous LSM/YSZ (LSM = lanthanum strontium manganite) composite positive-electrode. The cell type and dimensions and the test setup have been described elsewhere [34]. In the present study a Ni wire was used for sealing at the side of the Ni/YSZ electrode (Figure 4-2). Initially DC polarization (i-V) curves and AC impedance spectra (IS) were measured at 850, 750 and 800 °C with various gas atmospheres of H2/H2O/CO/CO2 mixtures supplied to the Ni/YSZ cathode (always at a total flow rate of 25 L/h) and oxygen or air supplied to the LSM/YSZ anode (50 L/h). The impedance spectra were measured using an external shunt and a Solartron 1255B frequency response analyzer, without DC bias with an AC amplitude of 60 mA in the frequency range of 82451 to 0.082 Hz with 6 or 15 points per frequency decade (15 for use in the DRT transform). The impedance data were corrected using the short-circuit impedance response of the test set-up. During fuel cell and electrolysis cell polarizations, the cell temperature varied since only the oven temperature was kept constant. During fuel cell polarizations, the ohmic heating of the cell raised the temperature measured at the thermocouple positioned at the center of the cell by up to 6 °C relative to the temperature measured at OCV. During electrolysis polarizations, the cell consumed heat and lowered the measured temperature by up to 1 °C and then at higher cell voltage, approaching the thermoneutral voltage, the temperature slightly increased to up to 1 °C higher than that measured at OCV. The temperature measured by a thermocouple positioned at the corner of the cell was within 1 °C of that measured at the center of the cell, at OCV. During fuel cell polarizations, the corner temperature reached 3 °C lower than the center temperature, and during electrolysis polarizations the difference of the two temperature measurements remained below 1 °C. After the initial characterization, the cell was operated in galvanostatic mode, with a mixture of 45% CO2, 45% H2O, and 10% H2 with total flow rate of 25 L/h supplied to thePDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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