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Chapter 4. Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in Solid Oxide Cells 104 around the electrolyte due to the potentials applied across the components of the cell [56]. Scanning electron microscope examination of a cell tested at high current density might shed light on the degradation mechanisms—e.g. if delamination of an electrode from the electrolyte, microstructural damage to an electrode, or damage to the electrolyte has taken place, it may be the cause of the serial resistance increase. Therefore, ongoing work includes microscopy, and further testing of electrolysis cells at high current densities. 4.4. Conclusions Co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O in a solid oxide cell showed a high initial performance, which was higher than for CO2 electrolysis and slightly lower than for H2O electrolysis, suggesting that the reverse WGS plays a role during co-electrolysis. Transformation of the impedance data to the distribution of relaxation times (DRT) and comparison of measurements taken under systematically varied test conditions enabled clear visual identification of five electrode processes that contribute to the cell resistance. The processes were assigned to each electrode and to gas concentration effects by examining their dependence on gas composition changes and temperature. The cell durability for co-electrolysis was examined at consecutively higher current densities and corresponding cell voltage. By analyzing the DRTs of the impedance data measured before and after each segment of operation, it was found that at low current density operation (– 0.25 A/cm2) degradation at the Ni/YSZ electrode dominated, whereas at higher current densities (–0.5 A/cm2 and –1.0 A/cm2), the Ni/YSZ electrode continued to degrade but the serial resistance and degradation at the LSM electrode began to play a major role in the total loss in performance. If the electrolyzer is powered by intermittent renewable electricity sources, high current density operation may be necessary for an economical synthetic fuel production process (see Chapter 3, section 3.3.2). In that case, the durability at high current density needs to be improved. To achieve this, clearer identification of the passivation and degradation mechanisms is important, in order to change the operating conditions, change the cell architecture, modify one or both of the electrodes, or replace one or both of the electrodes with alternative materials. At low current density, the durability may be sufficient for synthetic fuel production using a more constant power supply such as nuclear or hydroelectric power (see Chapter 3, section 3.3.2). 4.5. References 1. Oser W, Electrochemical method for conversion of carbon dioxide. (1967). USPTO 3,316,163. 2. Elikan L and Morris JP, Solid Electrolyte System for Oxygen Regeneration. (1969), Westinghouse Electric Corp., for NASA Langley Research Center: Washington, D.C. CR-1359. 181. 3. Weissbart J, Smart WH, Inami SH, McCullough CM, and Ring SA, Development of a CO2-H2O Solid Oxide Electrolysis System: First Annual Report, 29 Mar. 1968 - 29 May 1969. (1969), NASA Ames Research Center: Moffett Field, California. CR 73358. 65.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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