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Chapter 5. Aspects of Metal-YSZ Electrode Kinetics 109 order of magnitude. The interfaces were examined in the scanning electron microscope after testing and displayed interesting microstructural features resulting from these phenomena. Possible mechanisms that may explain the electrode kinetics and other details are discussed. Widely different responses of different metals to the same parameter changes were observed, which provides evidence that the same reaction mechanisms are not shared by the different metals, contrary to the conclusions of some recent studies. For all of the metals, the metal-YSZ interface was found to be dynamic. Evidence is found that supports the explanation that impurities segregated to the interface are responsible for the inconsistencies between the electrode kinetics results in different studies. Possible reasons for differences between coarse and fine electrodes, which are interrelated with the reaction mechanisms, are also discussed. Many of the results appear to be quite different or perhaps exaggerated versus a porous electrode; the extent that the model electrode serves as a useful model system is discussed. 5.1. Introduction It is of great interest for improving the performance and durability of solid oxide cells to gain deeper understanding of the mechanisms that limit performance and cause it to deteriorate. Improving understanding of these phenomena would reveal clear pathways to improving the performance and durability of existing cell designs and/or in designing new cells from the same materials or from alternative materials. The present work focuses on the reaction mechanisms at the negative-electrode, where the electrochemical reactions, H2O and CO2 reduction (in electrolysis operation) and H2 and CO oxidation (in fuel cell operation) take place in a solid oxide cell. The negative electrode most often used is a porous ceramic-metal (cermet) composite composed of an interpenetrating network of nickel and yttria-stabilized zirconia (Ni/YSZ) particles. As shown in Chapter 4, the electrochemical performance of Ni-YSZ electrodes is excellent for both fuel cell and electrolysis operation in both H2/H2O and CO/CO2, and the electrolysis durability is very high at certain conditions. However, the performance (internal resistance of the cells) and/or durability needs to be improved to achieve economic viability for electrolytic synthetic fuel production when powered by intermittent resources (Chapter 3). Regarding durability, cell performance degrades substantially during long-term steady-state electrolysis operation. Recent studies have found that impurities have a major role in limiting the performance and durability, but the nature of this role is still not well understood. Other events such as accidental oxidation by exposure to air at high temperature also cause degradation. Regarding cell performance, it is important to note that, in light of the economic analysis in Chapter 3, cell performance and durability can be traded-off in terms of reducing the cost.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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