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Chapter 5. Aspects of Metal-YSZ Electrode Kinetics 123 Figure 5-8. Impedance spectra measured on five Ni wire electrodes in 97% H2 + 3% H2O at 1000 °C at the start of a test shortly after heat-up, (a) normalized to the TPBL, and (b) normalized to the contact area. 5.3.3. Impedance Spectroscopy at OCV 5.3.3.1. Number of Rate-limiting Processes IS were measured at open circuit voltage at systematically varied gas compositions and operating temperature. Analysis of IS employed the method of condensing the impedance data by representing it with an equivalent circuit model. This is a useful way to reduce the data and attempt to identify the processes contributing to the impedance data without knowing the nature of the physical and/or chemical processes, before attempting to construct a true physical/electrochemical model of the system. Simple equivalent circuits composed of serial RQ elements were used, where R is a resistor and Q is a constant phase element [45]. The IS could be fit with low error to an equivalent circuit model composed of up to 3 serially-connected RQ elements, LRS(RQ)1(RQ)2(RQ)3. The inductance L, usually associated with artifacts of the test set-up, was minor in comparison to the magnitudes of the cell impedance, so most fits were performed without L and by discarding the high frequency range at which L contributed (>100 kHz, which was much higher frequency than any contributions from the cell response). Using the Kramers-Kronig transform, this high frequency data wasPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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