PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 163
Chapter 5. Aspects of Metal-YSZ Electrode Kinetics 142 Furthermore, inspecting the chronoamperometry measurements before and the current measured during the potentiostatic IS measurement revealed no correlation between the direction of current drift (if there was any) and the shapes or the impedance spectra (inductive loops or Warburg-like diffusion limitation, including the apparent drift seen for H2O reduction on Pt in Figure 5-22a). Finally, the Kramers-Kronig transform showed very little residual error for nearly all of the impedance measurements (except when there is clearly instability during measurement at high anodic overpotentials). Therefore it is believed that the polarized impedance data, including the inductive loops and diffusion-limitation type responses, is valid. This suggests that adsorbed intermediates play a role in the reaction mechanism for all of the metals and may participate in the rate-limiting step during polarization. 5.3.4.3. Relaxation after Applied Potentials After each set of anodic and cathodic polarized impedance measurements presented in the prior section, the electrode was allowed to rest at OCV and the impedance was monitored (Figure 5-23). In many cases the electrodes were activated (LSRP was decreased) by polarization and a slow relaxation process was observed. Cu. In both H2O/H2O and CO/CO2, the OCV LSRP for Cu was basically unaffected by either anodic or cathodic polarizations (Figure 5-23a+b). Ni. Ni, on the other hand, was activated by anodic polarization in H2/H2O and it took at least 24 hours for the LSRP to relax and return back to near the value before polarization (Figure 5-23c). Activation followed by similar relaxation time constants have been observed for Ni point-contact electrodes [35], as well as porous Ni electrodes [24] and Ni pattern electrodes [22], however the porous and pattern electrodes activated only by <20%, whereas the Ni point electrodes here activated by an order of magnitude. In CO/CO2, Ni was similarly strongly activated (LSRP decreased by more than a factor of 10), however the activation appeared to be more permanent (Figure 5-23d). Returning to H2/H2O seemed to return the LSRP for Ni back to near its ―normal‖ value (not shown). Ni was not significantly affected by cathodic polarization in either atmosphere (Figure 5-23c+d). Pd. In H2/H2O, Pd was strongly activated (LSRP was decreased) by anodic polarization and did not relax much at all and very slowly (Figure 5-23e), similar to Ni in CO/CO2. Cathodic polarization had little effect and even appeared to accelerate the relaxation back to ―normal‖ performance. In CO/CO2, Pd was activated by anodic polarization and fully relaxed after about 24 hours, whereas cathodic polarization caused a more permanent activation, though less than observed for anodic bias of Ni in CO/CO2 and for anodic bias of Pd in H2/H2O. Pt. The anodic polarizations for Pt were only conducted up to +200 mV which may lessen their effects relative to those performed on the other metals which included +300PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)