PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 183
Chapter 5. Aspects of Metal-YSZ Electrode Kinetics 162 9. The shapes of the polarization curves of the different metals (section 5.3.4.1) 10. The evolution of the impedance spectra under applied potential (section 5.3.4.2) including the inductive loops and apparent diffusion-limited reponses 11. The activation effects of polarization and relaxation thereafter (section 5.3.4.1, 5.3.4.2, and 5.3.4.3) 12. The activation effects of strong cathodic polarization on the magnitude of the LSRP, on the shape of the OCV impedance spectra and on the shape of the polarization curves (section 5.3.5.2). Fully determining the reaction mechanisms for all of the metals for H2 oxidation, H2O reduction, CO oxidation, and CO2 reduction is outside of the scope of this study. An electrochemical model could be derived to try to describe the impedance data, which is a topic of future work. First, however, a hypothesis must be formed, for which it is useful to examine the trends. Some trends were already discussed in the earlier sections for the results presented here. There also seems to be a trend running through literature and this study that might be able to explain the inconsistencies between studies. The different results seem to correlate with the purity of the starting materials and/or the fineness of the microstructure (outlined in Figure 5-39). For example, for Ni the activation energies range from 1.4-1.6 eV for point-contact electrodes [6, 7, 82], pattern and porous electrodes [24], felt electrodes and coarse cermets [25], to 0.7-1.0 eV for fine cermets [24-26] and for pattern [19, 21, 26], porous [26], and point- contact [14] electrodes prepared on high-purity single-crystal YSZ. Both fine cermets and coarse electrodes prepared with high-purity materials clearly correlate with lower activation energy. Purity and/or TPB fineness of length microstructure Polarization resistance Activation energy of RP Number of rate-limiting processes in impedance Bias depend- ence of RP / curvature of i-V curves Difference of activity in H2/H2O versus in CO/CO2 pH2O dependence of RP for Ni Figure 5-39. Proposed correlation of inconsistencies between different studies based on trends observed. Arrows pointing upwards signify an increase and arrows pointing downwards signify a decrease. In the last 8 years clear evidence that impurities segregate and accumulate the TPB has been found, as discussed earlier. These impurities might be responsible for all of the observed inconsistencies. Finer microstructures might improve performance by a different mechanism, however in a fine three-dimensional structure the large number of reaction sites (very long TPB and surface area) might not be as significantly affected by impurities. In other words, since the impurities segregate from the YSZ and from the metal, with a much longer TPB length perPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |