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Chapter 5. Aspects of Metal-YSZ Electrode Kinetics 167 Strong cathodic polarization was also found to improve performance by as much as an order of magnitude, for all of the metals. The activation energies of the metals also significantly decreased. Based on the impedance spectra, one or more rate-limiting processes appeared to have been eliminated. The interfaces were examined in the scanning electron microscope after testing and displayed interesting microstructural features resulting from this treatment. It is believed that the TPB length was enhanced by reducing impurities that were segregated at the TPB, unblocking the TPB, and by reaction of Ni with reduced YSZ during the treatment, which formed a fine microstructure at the TPB. Further studies of the effects of cathodic polarization might reveal more information about the exact mechanism. The results – the length-specific polarization resistance at OCV, the activation energy, the dependence of RP on different gas partial pressures, the bias dependence of the impedance (and corresponding shape of polarization curves), and the relative performance between H2/H2O and CO/CO2 for each metal – were compared with results in literature, and reasons for inconsistencies between different studies were proposed. Trends were identified and discussed. Evidence supports the explanation that impurities segregated to the TPB are responsible for the inconsistencies between the results in different electrode kinetics studies. The impurities are more detrimental to the performance of coarse metal- YSZ electrodes (with large electrode and electrolyte surface area and volume – e.g. sources of the impurities – per TPB length) than electrodes with fine microstructure (e.g. cermets) most likely because they block a greater fraction of the total TPB. 5.6. References 1. Mogensen M, Hogh J, Hansen KV, and Jacobsen T, A Critical Review of Models of the H2/H2O/Ni/SZ Electrode Kinetics. ECS Transactions, (2007). 7(1): p. 1329-1338. 2. Goodwin DG, Zhu H, Colclasure AM, and Kee RJ, Modeling Electrochemical Oxidation of Hydrogen on Ni--YSZ pattern Anodes. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, (2009). 156(9): p. B1004-B1021. 3. Guindet J, Roux C, and Hammou A. Hydrogen oxidation at the Ni/zirconia electrode. in Proc. of the 2nd International Symposium on SOFC. (1991). Athens, Greece. 4. Norby T, Velle OJ, Leth-Olsen H, and Tunold R, Reaction resistance in relation to three phase boundary length of Ni-YSZ electrodes. Proc. of the 3rd International Symposium on SOFC, (1993). 93-4: p. 473- 478. 5. Norby T. Electrochemical behaviour of Ni-YSZ electrodes. in Proc. of the 2nd European Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Forum. (1996). Oslo, Norway. 6. Baker R, Guindet J, and Kleitz M, Classification criteria for solid oxide fuel cell electrode materials. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, (1997). 144(7): p. 2427-2432. 7. Mohamedi-Boulenouar FZ, Guindet J, and Hammou A. Influence of water on electrochemical oxidation of H2 at the nickel-YSZ interface. in Proc. of the 5th International Symposium on SOFC (SOFC-V). (1997). Pennington, NJ. 8. Aaberg RJ, Tunold R, Mogensen M, Berg RW, and Odegard R, Morphological Changes at the Interface of the Nickel-Yttria Stabilized Zirconia point Electrode. Journal of the Electrochemical Society, (1998). 145(7): p. 2244-2252.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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