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Chapter 6. Molybdate Based Ceramic Electrode Materials 174 significantly activated by cathodic polarization, and they exhibited higher performance for cathodic (electrolysis) polarization than anodic (fuel cell) polarization, which makes them especially interesting for use in electrolysis electrodes. Whereas nearly all of the molybdates showed higher performance for H2O electrolysis than CO2 electrolysis, one with vanadium showed nearly equal performance, and a non-molybdate which exhibits some complementary properties to the best molybdates, Gd-doped ceria in nanoparticle form, was found to be an excellent electrocatalyst for CO2 electrolysis and CO oxidation (moreso than for H2O/H2 for which it is known to be good). 6.1. Introduction As discussed in Chapter 3, the economics of electrolysis is dominated by the capital cost. This holds for any electrolyzers, both high temperature and low temperature, and applies to fuel cells as well. It was shown that several properties of the electrolysis cell contribute to affordability by lowering the capital cost: 1. Lower internal resistance—leading to higher current density at a given efficiency 2. Lower degradation—maintaining the internal resistance over time during operation and through unexpected events 3. Lower manufacturing cost—for which it was noted that the raw materials are only a fraction of the total cost of producing the electrolyzer system, with the rest of the cost in processing, the balance of the system, etc. It was also noted that these can be traded off. This was also mentioned in terms of the negative- electrode in Section 5.1. For example, with a low enough internal resistance, the electrode does not need to be as durable. This may be especially relevant for intermittent electrolysis operation, where the cell is only used during a fraction of its life. A cell with a lower internal resistance will produce more fuel sooner, whereas the capital cost of a cell that has higher internal resistance may become higher from depreciation, even if it is more durable and ultimately has a longer operating life. The traditional Ni-YSZ ceramic-metal (cermet) negative-electrode of solid oxide cells has been optimized (in terms of microstructure) over the years to provide high performance for fuel cell and electrolysis operation (YSZ = yttria-stabilized zirconia). In Chapter 4 it was shown to have high performance for co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O. However, Ni is susceptible to degradation by sulphur poisoning, segregation of other impurities at the three-phase boundary (TPB), and can be severely damaged by reduction-oxidation (redox) cycles due to the Ni-NiO phase transitions and because the Ni is structural in these electrodes. These issues were examined and discussed in Chapters 4 and 5. It is also possible to produce electrodes composed entirely of ceramic oxides. The typical positive-electrode (oxygen electrode) composed of lanthanum strontium manganite andPDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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