PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 238
Chapter 7. Conclusions and Outlook 217 7. Conclusions and Outlook This research has shown that recycling CO2 and H2O into hydrocarbon fuels, using renewable or nuclear energy, is certainly feasible and could be used to provide sustainable fuels for transportation and other uses at a large scale. Such fuels are a very interesting energy carrier from a sustainable energy perspective – they are convenient liquid hydrocarbons with high energy density, which can substitute directly into the existing fuel infrastructure, and they are produced from sustainable energy sources like solar and wind. Ultimately the affordability of the process depends on reducing the cost of the energy source used to drive the process as well as the cost of the energy conversion system used to convert that energy to fuel (and for a closed-loop fuel cycle, the cost of the system that captures CO2 from the atmosphere also needs to be improved). In this work, high temperature electrolysis of CO2 and H2O using solid oxide cells was chosen as a very promising method to perform the energy conversion affordably (efficiently and with a low capital cost). The choice was made via a critical review of the many other methods of energy conversion, such as thermolysis, thermochemical loops, other types of electrolysis, and photoelectrolysis. An economics analysis was conducted to determine what dominates the cost of fuel production using such a system. The dominant costs of the process are the electricity cost and the cost of the electrolyzer. High temperature electrolysis cells can be run at near-100% electricity-to-syngas efficiency (and the total electricity-to-liquid fuel efficiency was estimated at about 70% on a higher heating value basis). It is in the capital cost that there is room for improvement. Lower internal resistance, lower performance degradation, and lower manufacturing cost of the cell can each reduce the capital cost, and can be traded off. It was found that with reasonable technological developments in the electrolysis cells, CO2 air capture, and mass production, synthetic hydrocarbons can be produced at a price competitive with today’s wholesale gasoline prices (USD $2/gal) using intermittent renewable electricity that costs 2-3 U.S. cents per kWh. The three experimental studies of high temperature electrolysis that were conducted were applicable to different aspects of improving the capital cost. The experimental studies yielded the following notable results and discoveries. The performance for co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O was found to be high, using a state-of-the-art full cell with a nickel based negative-electrode. The area-specific Chapter 7PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
PDF Search Title:
Electrolysis of CO2 and H2OOriginal File Name Searched:
co2-hso-fuels.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)