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Appendix 1. Additional Metal-YSZ Electrochemistry Data 221 8. Appendix 1. Additional Metal-YSZ Electrochemistry Data After the second oxidation of a Ni point electrode, further characterization was performed, as mentioned in section 5.3.5.1. This high-resolution impedance data is included here. It contributes to the description of the original mechanisms (or close to the original mechanisms) of the Ni electrode before oxidation and may be useful for modeling purposes in the future. Impedance spectra were measured under DC bias at 1000 °C in 50% H2O/H2 (Figure 8-1). The instability/oscillations at high anodic polarization, observed earlier in the 1000 °C 50% H2O/H2 polarization curves, are evident in the impedance spectra (Figure 8-1a). As before oxidation, the activity is strongly enhanced during anodic polarization with rising characteristic frequency and not during cathodic polarization. These results show a clear trend during cathodic polarization with first an increase in resistance, with slight decrease in the summit frequency and a diffusion-type limitation, followed by decreasing resistance, with increasing summit frequency and a switch to inductive loop behavior. At 850 °C after the measurements described above, IS were measured under bias in 50% H2O/H2 and then 50% CO2/CO (Figure 8-2 and Figure 8-3 respectively). In comparison with Figure 5-20, the results are similar – although under anodic polarization in H2/H2O (Figure 8-2a), two distinct arcs are not evident as before, and comparison is imperfect because the electrode was not allowed to fully relax and reach steady state before and between measurements. For both H2/H2O and CO/CO2, increasing cathodic bias resulted in the same trend as seen in Figure 8-1 – increasing resistance to a maximum at around –150 to –200 mV bias followed by decreasing resistance until –300 mV. Note because the change in impedance did not span orders of magnitude for some cases, the Bode plots of those data do not have a log scale vertical axis as in many prior figures.PDF Image | Electrolysis of CO2 and H2O
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