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polarity scCO2 is not an effective solvent choice for extracting more polar substances, limiting its potential use in some SFE applications (Herrero et al., 2010). 2.2.3 SFE of Butanol using scCO2 Carbon dioxide is a predicted favorable solvent for SFE of higher molecular weight alcohols, such as butanol, from aqueous solution (Laitinen & Kaunisto, 1999b). Since butanol is less hydrophilic and volatile than lower molecular weight alcohols like methanol and ethanol, it will have a more favorable distribution coefficient (Laitinen & Kaunisto, 1999b). The distribution coefficient describes the equilibrium dispersion of butanol between water and carbon dioxide under extraction conditions (Laitinen & Kaunisto, 1999b). A previous experimental study was completed to extract 1-butanol from an aqueous solution using scCO2 in a continuous countercurrent SFE column (Laitinen & Kaunisto, 1999b). This experiment found that over 99.7% of the initial amount of butanol was extracted and therefore these workers determined that it was feasible to extract 1- butanol from an aqueous solution using scCO2 (Laitinen & Kaunisto, 1999b). 2.2.4 SFE of Butanol from Fermentation Broths There are several examples in literature of scCO2 being used to extract alcohol from fermentation broths in the field of biofuel research. An experiment using scCO2 in lab-scale HFM contactors to extract butanol from a butanol, ethanol, acetone fermentation broth was published (Moreno, Tallon, & Catchpole, 2014). Two key parameters found and tested to improve separation efficiency in the experiment were the flow rate of the aqueous phase and the operating pressure conditions (Moreno et al., 2014). Another experiment used SFE with scCO2 and solvent extraction for butanol recovery from fermentation broth (Delgado & Pessoa, 2014). scCO2 was used to extract 1,3-propanediol and glycerol then solvent extraction with n-butyl-butyrate to recover butanol (Delgado & Pessoa, 2014). One of the main challenges faced when trying to extract butanol from fermentation broths is the side reaction that typically creates acetone and ethanol (in ABE process); there are metabolic engineering approaches being studied to minimize the formation of these byproducts (Oudshoorn, Van Der Wielen, & Straathof, 2009). Therefore SFE and other methods of extraction, like gas stripping and absorption, are also being tested for their feasibility and economics of being used on an industrial scale (Oudshoorn et al., 2009). 19PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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