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The two chemicals in our experiment are butanol and methanol. Both pose similar health and safety risks that need to be treated with care. Both substances, when ingested, are toxic and harmful to humans so contact with skin or inhalation should also be avoided. Along with these health hazards, the substances are flammable and handled by using sparkless instrumentation and equipment. One physical risk associated with these chemicals is that during the depressurization phase, streams that are used to depressurize the system will surge periodically as the vessel loses pressure. These surges can cause sprays of butanol and this procedure should be performed carefully. To prevent these risks the operator should wear closed shoes, long pants, gloves, and safety glasses during operation (Sigma-Aldrich, 2015a, 2015b). Supercritical carbon dioxide creates a physical threat due to its need for high pressure and low temperature. The initial advantages for using supercritical carbon dioxide for extraction in our system is that carbon dioxide is the second cheapest solvent available, after water, and it provides a chemically and environmentally safe solvent (Laitinen & Kaunisto, 1999a). Looking past these advantages, the safety aspect of this system is important to consider because it requires high pressure and subfreezing temperatures. These conditions can cause blockages and build pressure to a point where the system could fail with a blowout. The risk of substances freezing in the pipes and causing a blockage is mitigated by the use of a few mechanisms. First, there is heating tape wrapped around the second half of our extraction system where the scCO2 is depressurized, which can cause the pipes to freeze. This is usually able to prevent hazards from being created in the first place. Heating tape was also installed on the line used to depressurize the reactor to prevent ice from building up in the line and blocking the exiting carbon dioxide. Second, we have installed multiple pressure gauges in our system that are constantly monitored during the experiment to make sure that if the system does have a blockage and pressure is building then the pumps and feed of carbon dioxide can be turned off. Also there are pressure relief valves so the lines don’t exceed 3000 PSI and rupture disk on the Parr reactor for pressure relief. Lastly, if the first two systems fail the extraction system is built in a carrier that has protective polycarbonate doors that are quickly and easily installed after the system is started up and under way. 27PDF Image | Extraction of Bio-Butanol using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
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