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Figure 7-9 Figure 7-10 Figure 7-11 Figure 7-12 Figure 7-13 Figure 7-14 Figure 7-15 Figure 7-16 Figure 7-17 Figure 7-18 Figure 7-19 Figure 7-20 Figure 7-21 Figure 7-22 Figure 7-23 Figure 7-24 Figure 7-25 Figure 7-26 Figure 7-27 Figure 7-28 Figure 7-29 Figure 8-1 Figure 8-2 Three Types of Tubular SOFC: (a) Conduction around the Tube (e.g. Siemens Westinghouse and Toto (31)); (b) Conduction along the Tube (e.g. Acumentrics (32)); (c) Segmented in Series (e.g. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Rolls Royce (33,34)). ....................................................................... 7-14 Cell Performance and Dimensions of Accumentrics Technology (32). ............ 7-15 Schematic cross-section of cylindrical Siemens Westinghouse SOFC Tube. ... 7-16 Gas Manifold Design for a Tubular SOFC and Cell-to-Cell Connections in a Tubular SOFC (41) ......................................................................................... 7-19 Performance Advantage of Sealless Planar (HPD5) over Conventional Siemens Westinghouse Technology (42.).......................................................... 7-21 Effect of Pressure on AES Cell Performance at 1,000 °C (2.2 cm diameter, 150 cm active length)......................................................................................... 7-22 Two-Cell Stack Performance with 67 percent H2 + 22 percent CO + 11 percent H2O/Air ................................................................................................. 7-23 Two Cell Stack Performance with 97% H2 and 3% H2O/Air (43) .................... 7-25 Cell Performance at 1,000 °C with Pure Oxygen (o) and Air (∆) Both at 25 percent Utilization (Fuel (67 percent H2/22 percent CO/11 percent H2O) Utilization is 85 percent).................................................................................... 7-26 Influence of Gas Composition of the Theoretical Open-Circuit Potential of SOFC at 1,000 °C .......................................................................................... 7-27 Variation in Cell Voltage as a Function of Fuel Utilization and Temperature (Oxidant (o - Pure O2; ∆ - Air) Utilization is 25 percent. Current Density is 160 mA/cm2 at 800, 900 and 1,000 °C and 79 mA/cm2 at 700 °C)................... 7-28 SOFC Performance at 1,000 °C and 350 mA/cm2, 85 percent Fuel Utilization and 25 percent Air Utilization (Fuel = Simulated Air-Blown Coal Gas Containing 5,000 ppm NH3, 1 ppm HCl and 1 ppm H2S) ................. 7-29 Voltage-Current Characteristics of an AES Cell (1.56 cm Diameter, 50 cm Active Length) ........................................................................................ 7-30 Overview of Types of Planar SOFC: (a) Planar Anode-Supported SOFC with Metal Interconnects(68); (b) Electrolyte-Supported Planar SOFC Technology with Metal Interconnect (57,58,68); (c) Electrolyte-Supported Design with “egg-crate” electrolyte shape and ceramic interconnect (62,63,64,65). ..................................................................................................... 7-33 Representative State-of-the-Art Button Cell Performance of Anode- Supported SOFC (1) ......................................................................................... 7-37 Single Cell Performance of LSGM Electrolyte (50 μm thick) .......................... 7-38 Effect of Oxidant Composition on a High Performance Anode-Supported Cell ..................................................................................................................... 7-39 Examples of State-of-the-Art Planar Anode-Supported SOFC Stacks and Their Performance Characteristics (69,79,78) ................................................... 7-40 Trend in Cell and Single-Cell-Stack Performance in Planar SOFC (69)........... 7-41 Siemens Westinghouse 250 kW Tubular SOFC Installation (31) ..................... 7-42 Example of Window-Pane-Style Stack Scale-Up of Planar Anode-Supported SOFC to 250 kW................................................................................................ 7-43 A Rudimentary Fuel Cell Power System Schematic ............................................. 8-1 Representative Fuel Processing Steps & Temperatures....................................... 8-3 xiPDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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