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electrode catalyst loading, but both increase cost of the system. If hydrocarbon fuels are used, the extensive fuel processing required negatively impacts system size, complexity, efficiency (typically in the mid thirties), and system cost. Finally, for hydrogen PEFC the need for a hydrogen infrastructure to be developed poses a barrier to commercialization. 1.5.2 AlkalineFuelCell(AFC) The electrolyte in this fuel cell is concentrated (85 wt percent) KOH in fuel cells operated at high temperature (~250 °C), or less concentrated (35 to 50 wt percent) KOH for lower temperature (<120 °C) operation. The electrolyte is retained in a matrix (usually asbestos), and a wide range of electro-catalysts can be used (e.g., Ni, Ag, metal oxides, spinels, and noble metals). The fuel supply is limited to non-reactive constituents except for hydrogen. CO is a poison, and CO2 will react with the KOH to form K2CO3, thus altering the electrolyte. Even the small amount of CO2 in air must be considered a potential poison for the alkaline cell. Generally, hydrogen is considered as the preferred fuel for AFC, although some direct carbon fuel cells use (different) alkaline electrolytes. The AFC was one of the first modern fuel cells to be developed, beginning in 1960. The application at that time was to provide on-board electric power for the Apollo space vehicle. The AFC has enjoyed considerable success in space applications, but its terrestrial application has been challenged by its sensitivity to CO2. Still, some developers in the U.S. and Europe pursue AFC for mobile and closed-system (reversible fuel cell) applications. Advantages: Desirable attributes of the AFC include its excellent performance on hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2) compared to other candidate fuel cells due to its active O2 electrode kinetics and its flexibility to use a wide range of electro-catalysts. Disadvantages: The sensitivity of the electrolyte to CO2 requires the use of highly pure H2 as a fuel. As a consequence, the use of a reformer would require a highly effective CO and CO2 removal system. In addition, if ambient air is used as the oxidant, the CO2 in the air must be removed. While this is technically not challenging, it has a significant impact on the size and cost of the system. 1.5.3 PhosphoricAcidFuelCell(PAFC) Phosphoric acid, concentrated to 100 percent, is used as the electrolyte in this fuel cell, which typically operates at 150 to 220 °C. At lower temperatures, phosphoric acid is a poor ionic conductor, and CO poisoning of the Pt electro-catalyst in the anode becomes severe. The relative stability of concentrated phosphoric acid is high compared to other common acids; consequently the PAFC is capable of operating at the high end of the acid temperature range (100 to 220 °C). In addition, the use of concentrated acid (100 percent) minimizes the water vapor pressure so water management in the cell is not difficult. The matrix most commonly used to retain the acid is silicon carbide (1), and the electro-catalyst in both the anode and cathode is Pt. PAFCs are mostly developed for stationary applications. Both in the U.S. and Japan, hundreds of PAFC systems were produced, sold, and used in field tests and demonstrations. It is still one of the few fuel cell systems that are available for purchase. Development of PAFC had slowed 1-10PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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