PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 030
down in the past ten years, in favor of PEFCs that were thought to have better cost potential. However, PAFC development continues. Advantages: PAFCs are much less sensitive to CO than PEFCs and AFCs: PAFCs tolerate about one percent of CO as a diluent. The operating temperature is still low enough to allow the use of common construction materials, at least in the BoP components. The operating temperature also provides considerable design flexibility for thermal management. PAFCs have demonstrated system efficiencies of 37 to 42 percent (based on LHV of natural gas fuel), which is higher than most PEFC systems could achieve (but lower than many of the SOFC and MCFC systems). In addition, the waste heat from PAFC can be readily used in most commercial and industrial cogeneration applications, and would technically allow the use of a bottoming cycle. Disadvantages: Cathode-side oxygen reduction is slower than in AFC, and requires the use of a Platinum catalyst. Although less complex than for PEFC, PAFCs still require extensive fuel processing, including typically a water gas shift reactor to achieve good performance. Finally, the highly corrosive nature of phosphoric acid requires the use of expensive materials in the stack (especially the graphite separator plates). 1.5.4 MoltenCarbonateFuelCell(MCFC) The electrolyte in this fuel cell is usually a combination of alkali carbonates, which is retained in a ceramic matrix of LiAlO2. The fuel cell operates at 600 to 700 °C where the alkali carbonates form a highly conductive molten salt, with carbonate ions providing ionic conduction. At the high operating temperatures in MCFCs, Ni (anode) and nickel oxide (cathode) are adequate to promote reaction. Noble metals are not required for operation, and many common hydrocarbon fuels can be reformed internally. The focus of MCFC development has been larger stationary and marine applications, where the relatively large size and weight of MCFC and slow start-up time are not an issue. MCFCs are under development for use with a wide range of conventional and renewable fuels. MCFC-like technology is also considered for DCFC. After the PAFC, MCFCs have been demonstrated most extensively in stationary applications, with dozens of demonstration projects either under way or completed. While the number of MCFC developers and the investment level are reduced compared to a decade ago, development and demonstrations continue. Advantages: The relatively high operating temperature of the MCFC (650 °C) results in several benefits: no expensive electro-catalysts are needed as the nickel electrodes provide sufficient activity, and both CO and certain hydrocarbons are fuels for the MCFC, as they are converted to hydrogen within the stack (on special reformer plates) simplifying the BoP and improving system efficiency to the high forties to low fifties. In addition, the high temperature waste heat allows the use of a bottoming cycle to further boost the system efficiency to the high fifties to low sixties. Disadvantages: The main challenge for MCFC developers stems from the very corrosive and mobile electrolyte, which requires use of nickel and high-grade stainless steel as the cell hardware (cheaper than graphite, but more expensive than ferritic steels). The higher temperatures promote material problems, impacting mechanical stability and stack life. 1-11PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
PDF Search Title:
Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)Original File Name Searched:
fuel-cell-handbook.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |