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Efficiencies of present fuel cell plants are in the range of 30 to 55 percent based on the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuel. Hybrid fuel cell/reheat gas turbine cycles that offer efficiencies greater than 70 percent LHV, using demonstrated cell performance, have been proposed. Figure 1-4 illustrates demonstrated low emissions of installed PAFC units compared to the Los Angeles Basin (South Coast Air Quality Management District) requirements, the strictest requirements in the U.S. Measured emissions from the PAFC unit are < 1 ppm of NOX, 4 ppm of CO, and <1 ppm of reactive organic gases (non-methane) (5). In addition, fuel cells operate at a constant temperature, and the heat from the electrochemical reaction is available for cogeneration applications. Table summarizes the impact of the major constituents within fuel gases on the various fuel cells. The reader is referred to Sections 3 through 7 for detail on trace contaminants. Another key feature of fuel cells is that their performance and cost are less dependent on scale than other power technologies. Small fuel cell plants operate nearly as efficiently as large ones, with equally low emissions, and comparable cost.1 This opens up applications for fuel cells where conventional power technologies are not practical. In addition, fuel cell systems can be relatively quiet generators. To date, the major impediments to fuel cell commercialization have been insufficient longevity and reliability, unacceptably high cost, and lack of familiarity of markets with fuel cells. For fuel cells that require special fuels (such as hydrogen) the lack of a fuel infrastructure also limits commercialization. L.A. Basin Stand Fuel Cell Power Plant NOx Reactive Organic Gases CO Figure 1-4 Relative Emissions of PAFC Fuel Cell Power Plants Compared to Stringent Los Angeles Basin Requirements 1. The fuel processor efficiency is size dependent; therefore, small fuel cell power plants using externally reformed hydrocarbon fuels would have a lower overall system efficiency. 1-13PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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