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the various cells to be used for different applications. Developers use the advantages of fuel cells to identify early applications and address research and development issues to expand applications (see Sections 3 through 7). 1.8 Applications, Demonstrations, and Status The characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages summarized in the previous section form the basis for selection of the candidate fuel cell types to respond to a variety of application needs. The major applications for fuel cells are as stationary electric power plants, including cogen- eration units; as motive power for vehicles, and as on-board electric power for space vehicles or other closed environments. Derivative applications will be summarized. 1.8.1 StationaryElectricPower One characteristic of fuel cell systems is that their efficiency is nearly unaffected by size. This means that small, relatively high efficient power plants can be developed, thus avoiding the higher cost exposure associated with large plant development. As a result, initial stationary plant development has been focused on several hundred kW to low MW capacity plants. Smaller plants (several hundred kW to 1 to 2 MW) can be sited at the user’s facility and are suited for cogeneration operation, that is, the plants produce electricity and thermal energy. Larger, dis- persed plants (1 to 10 MW) are likely to be used for distributed generation. The plants are fueled primarily with natural gas. Once these plants are commercialized and price improvements mate- rialize, fuel cells will be considered for large base-load plants because of their high efficiency. The base-load plants could be fueled by natural gas or coal. The fuel product from a coal gasi- fier, once cleaned, is compatible for use with fuel cells. Systems integration studies show that high temperature fuel cells closely match coal gasifier operation. Operation of complete, self-contained, stationary plants continues to be demonstrated using PEFC, AFC, PAFC, MCFC, and SOFC technology. Demonstrations of these technologies that occurred before 2000 were addressed in previous editions of the Fuel Cell Handbook and in the literature of the period. U.S. manufacturer experience with these various fuel cell technologies has produced timely information. A case in point is the 200 kW PAFC on-site plant, the PC-25, that was the first to enter the commercial market (see Figure 1-5). 1-15PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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