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• Thermal Energy (Cogeneration) • Electric Connection • Power Factor • Transient Overload • Grid V oltage Unbalance • Grid Frequency Range • V oltage Harmonic Limits • Plant Dimensions • Plant Weight 740,000 kJ/hour at 60°C (700,000 Btu/hour heat at 140 °F); module provides 369,000 kJ/hour at 120°C (350,000Btu/hour at 250 °F) and 369,000 kJ/hour at 60 °C Grid-connected for on-line service and grid-independent for on-site premium service Adjustable between 0.85 to 1.0 None 1 percent +/-3 percent <3 percent 3 m (10 ft) wide by 3 m (10 ft) high by 5.5 m (18 ft) long, not including a small fan cooling module (5) 17,230 kg (38,000 lb) UTC Fuel Cells: Results from the operating units as of August, 2002 are as follows: total fleet operation stands at more than 5.3 million hours. The plants achieve 40 percent LHV electric efficiency, and overall use of the fuel energy approaches 80 percent for cogeneration applications (6). Operations confirm that rejected heat from the initial PAFC plants can be used for heating water, space heating, and low pressure steam. One plant has completed over 50,000 hours of operation, and a number of plants have operated over 40,000 hours (6). Fourteen additional plants have operated over 35,000 hours. The longest continuous run stands at 9,500 hours for a unit purchased by Tokyo Gas for use in a Japanese office building (9). This plant ended its duration record because it had to be shut down because of mandated maintenance. It is estimated at this time that cell stacks can achieve a life of 5 to 7 years. The fleet has attained an average of over 95 percent availability. The latest model, the PC-25C, is expected to achieve over 96 percent. The plants have operated on natural gas, propane, butane, landfill gas (10,11), hydrogen (12), and gas from anaerobic digestors (13). Emissions are so low (see Figure 1-4) that the plant is exempt from air permitting in the South Coast and Bay Area (California) Air Quality Management Districts, which have the most stringent limits in the U.S. The sound pressure level is 62 dBA at 9 meters (30 feet) from the unit. The PC-25 has been subjected to ambient conditions varying from -32 °C to +49 °C and altitudes from sea level to 1600 meters (~1 mile). Impressive ramp rates result from the solid state electronics. The PC-25 can be ramped at 10 kW/sec up or down in the grid connected mode. The ramp rate for the grid independent mode is idle to full power in ~one cycle or essentially one-step instantaneous from idle to 200 kW. Following the initial ramp to full power, the unit can adjust at an 80 kW/sec ramp up or down in one cycle. The fuel cell stacks are made and assembled into units at an 80,000 ft2 facility located in South Windsor, Connecticut, U.S. Low cost/high volume production depends on directly insertable sub-assemblies as complete units and highly automatic processes such as robotic component handling and assembly. The stack assembly is grouped in a modified spoke arrangement to allow for individual manufacturing requirements of each of the cell components while bringing them in a continuous flow to a central stacking elevator (14). 1-17PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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