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• Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems -Safety • Stationary Fuel Cell Power Systems -Installation • Interconnecting Distributed Resources • Test Method for the Performance of Stationary Fuel Cell Power Plants 1.8.2 DistributedGeneration IEC TC 105 Working Group #3 IEC TC 105 Working Group #5 IEEE P1547.1, P1547.2, P1547.3, P1547.4 IEC TC 105 Working Group #4 Distributed generation involves small, modular power systems that are sited at or near their point of use. The typical system is less than 30 MW, used for generation or storage, and extremely clean. Examples of technologies used in distributed generation include gas turbines and reciprocating engines, biomass-based generators, solar power and photovoltaic systems, fuel cells, wind turbines, micro-turbines, and flywheel storage devices. See Table 1-3 for size and efficiencies of selected systems. Table 1-3 Attributes of Selected Distributed Generation Systems Type Reciprocating Engines Micro turbines Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM) Photovoltaics (PV) Wind Turbines Hybrid Renewable Size 50 kW – 6 MW 10 kW – 300 kW 50 kW – 1 MW 5 kW – 3 MW <1 kW – 1 MW 1 kW – 1 MW 150 kW – 500 kW <1 kW – 1 MW Efficiency, % 33 – 37 20 – 30 40 45 – 65 34 – 36 NA NA 40–50 The market for distributed generation is aimed at customers dependent on reliable energy, such as hospitals, manufacturing plants, grocery stores, restaurants, and banking facilities. There is currently over 15 GW of distributed power generation operating in the U.S. Over the next decade, the domestic market for distributed generation, in terms of installed capacity to meet the demand, is estimated to be 5-6 GW per year. The projected global market capacity increases are estimated to be 20 GW per year (23). Several factors have played a role in the rise in demand for distributed generation. Utility restructuring is one of the factors. Energy suppliers must now take on the financial risk of capacity additions. This leads to less capital-intensive projects and shorter construction periods. Also, energy suppliers are increasing capacity factors on existing plants rather than installing new capacity, which places pressure on reserve margins. This increases the possibility of forced outages, thereby increasing the concern for reliable service. There is also a demand for capacity additions that offer high efficiency and use of renewables as the pressure for enhanced environmental performance increases (23). 1-20PDF Image | Fuel Cell Handbook (Seventh Edition)
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